1、Designation: D854 10D854 14Standard Test Methods forSpecific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determinati
3、on of the specific gravity of soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, bymeans of a water pycnometer. When the soil contains particles larger than the 4.75-mm sieve, Test Method C127 shall be used forthe soil solids retained on the 4.75-mm sieve and these test methods shall be used for the s
4、oil solids passing the 4.75-mm sieve.1.1.1 Soil solids for these test methods do not include solids which can be altered by these methods, contaminated with asubstance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic soil solids, such as fibrous matter which floats in water.NOTE 1The u
5、se of Test Method D5550 may be used to determine the specific gravity of soil solids having solids which readily dissolve in water orfloat in water, or where it is impracticable to use water.1.2 Two methods for performing the specific gravity are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by
6、 the requestingauthority, except when testing the types of soils listed in 1.2.11.2.1 Method AProcedure for Moist Specimens, described in 9.2. This procedure is the preferred method. For organic soils;highly plastic, fine grained soils; tropical soils; and soils containing halloysite, Method A shall
7、 be used.1.2.2 Method BProcedure for Oven-Dry Specimens, described in 9.3.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in thi
8、s standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objec
9、tives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to
10、be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respons
11、ibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggreg
12、ateD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requi
13、rements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and Construction1 This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticity andDensity Character
14、istics of Soils.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010May 1, 2014. Published March 2010May 2014. Originally approved in 1945. Last previous edition approved in 20062010 asD854 06D854 10.1. DOI: 10.1520/D0854-10.10.1520/D0854-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or c
15、ontactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have
16、been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official docum
17、ent.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Constru
18、ctionMaterials TestingD5550 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas PycnometerD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691
19、 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of technical terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specific gravity of soil solids,
20、 Gs, nthe ratio of the mass of a unit volume of a soil solids to the mass of the same volumeof gas-free distilled water at 20C.4. Significance and Use4.1 The specific gravity of a soil solids is used in calculating the phase relationships of soils, such as void ratio and degree ofsaturation.4.1.1 Th
21、e specific gravity of soil solids is used to calculate the density of the soil solids. This is done by multiplying its specificgravity by the density of water (at proper temperature).4.2 The term soil solids is typically assumed to mean naturally occurring mineral particles or soil like particles th
22、at are notreadily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soil solids containing extraneous matter, such as cement, lime, and thelike, water-soluble matter, such as sodium chloride, and soils containing matter with a specific gravity less than one, typicallyrequire special treatment (se
23、e Note 1) or a qualified definition of their specific gravity.4.3 The balances, pycnometer sizes, and specimen masses are established to obtain test results with three significant digits.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel pe
24、rforming it, and the suitabilityof the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not i
25、n itself assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5. Apparatus5.1 PycnometerThe water pycnometer shall be either a stoppered flask, stoppered iodine flask, or volumetric flask with aminimum capacity of 250 mL
26、. The volume of the pycnometer must be 2 to 3 times greater than the volume of the soil-watermixture used during the deairing portion of the test.5.1.1 The stoppered flask mechanically sets the volume. The stoppered iodine flask has a flared collar that allows the stopperto be placed at an angle dur
27、ing thermal equilibration and prevents water from spilling down the sides of the flask when the stopperis installed. The wetting of the outside of the flask is undesirable because it creates changes in the thermal equilibrium. When usinga stopper flask, make sure that the stopper is properly labeled
28、 to correspond to the flask.5.2 BalanceAbalance meeting the requirements of Guide D4753 for a balance of 0.01 g readability. When using the 250mLpycnometers, the balance capacity shall be at least 500 g and when using the 500mL pycnometers, the balance capacity shall beat least 1000 g.5.3 Drying Ove
29、nThermostatically controlled oven, capable of maintaining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5C throughoutthe drying chamber. These requirements usually require the use of a forced-draft oven.5.4 Thermometric Device, capable of measuring the temperature range within which the test is being performed, ha
30、ving areadability of 0.1C and a maximum permissible error of 0.5C. The device must be capable of being immersed in the sample andcalibration solutions to a depth ranging between 25 and 80 mm. Full immersion thermometers shall not be used. To ensure theaccuracy of the thermometric device, the thermom
31、etric device shall be standardized by comparison to a NIST traceablethermometric device. The standardization shall include at least one temperature reading within the range of testing. Thethermometric device shall be standardized at least once every twelve months.5.5 DesiccatorA desiccator cabinet o
32、r large desiccator jar of suitable size containing silica gel or anhydrous calcium sulfate.NOTE 3It is preferable to use a desiccant that changes color to indicate when it needs reconstitution.5.6 Entrapped Air Removal ApparatusTo remove entrapped air (deairing process), use one of the following:5.6
33、.1 Hot Plate or Bunsen Burner, capable of maintaining a temperature adequate to boil water.5.6.2 Vacuum System, a vacuum pump or water aspirator, capable of producing a partial vacuum of 100 mm of mercury (Hg)or less absolute pressure. (WarningMercury has been designated by EPA and many state agenci
34、es as a hazardous material thatcan cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive toD854 142materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product MaterialSafety Data
35、 Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAs website http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm - for additional information. Usersshould be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.)NOTE 4A partial vacuum of 100 mm Hg absolute pressure is approximate
36、ly equivalent to a 660 mm (26 in.) Hg reading on vacuum gauge at sealevel.5.7 Insulated ContainerA Styrofoam cooler and cover or equivalent container that can hold between three and sixpycnometers plus a beaker (or bottle) of deaired water, and a thermometer. This is required to maintain a controlle
37、d temperatureenvironment where changes will be uniform and gradual.5.8 FunnelA non-corrosive smooth surface funnel with a stem that extends past the calibration mark on the volumetric flaskor stoppered seal on the stoppered flasks. The diameter of the stem of the funnel must be large enough that soi
38、l solids will easilypass through.5.9 Pycnometer Filling Tube with Lateral Vents (optional)A device to assist in adding deaired water to the pycnometerwithout disturbing the soil-water mixture.The device may be fabricated as follows. Plug a 6 to 10-mm (14 to 38 in.) diameter plastictube at one end an
39、d cut two small vents (notches) just above the plug. The vents should be perpendicular to the axis of the tubeand diametrically opposed. Connect a valve to the other end of the tube and run a line to the valve from a supply of deaired water.5.10 Sieve4.75 mm (No. 4) conforming to the requirements of
40、 Specification E11.5.11 Blender (optional)A blender with mixing blades built into the base of the mixing container.5.12 Miscellaneous Equipment, such as a computer or calculator (optional), specimen dishes, and insulated gloves.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of WaterDistilled water is used in this test metho
41、d. This water may be purchased and is readily available at mostgrocery stores; hereafter, distilled water will be referred to as water.7. Test Specimen7.1 The test specimen may be moist or oven-dry soil and shall be representative of the soil solids that pass the 4.75-mm (No.4) sieve in the total sa
42、mple. Table 1 gives guidelines on recommended dry soil mass versus soil type and pycnometer size.7.1.1 Two important factors concerning the amount of soil solids being tested are as follows. First, the mass of the soil solidsdivided by its specific gravity will yield four-significant digits. Secondl
43、y, the mixture of soil solids and water is a slurry not a highlyviscous fluid (thick paint) during the deairing process.8. Calibration of Pycnometer8.1 Determine the mass of the clean and dry pycnometer to the nearest 0.01 g (typically five significant digits). Repeat thisdetermination five times. O
44、ne balance should be used for all of the mass measurements. Determine and record the average andstandard deviation. The standard deviation shall be less than or equal to 0.02 g. If it is greater, attempt additional measurementsor use a more stable or precise balance.8.2 Fill the pycnometer with deai
45、red water to above or below the calibration mark depending on the type of pycnometer andlaboratory preference to add or remove water.8.2.1 It is recommended that water be removed to bring the water level to the calibration mark. The removal method reducesthe chances of altering the thermal equilibri
46、um by reducing the number of times the insulated container is opened.8.2.2 The water must be deaired to ensure that there are no air bubbles in the water. The water may be deaired using eitherboiling, vacuum, combination of vacuum and heat, or a deairing device. This deaired water should not be used
47、 until it hasequilibrated to room temperature. Also, this water shall be added to the pycnometer following the guidance given in 9.6.8.3 Up to six pycnometers can be calibrated concurrently in each insulated container. Put the pycnometer(s) into a coveredinsulated container along with the thermometr
48、ic device (or the temperature sensing portion of the thermometric device), a beaker(or bottle) of deaired water, stopper(s) (if a stoppered pycnometer is being used), and either an eyedropper or pipette. Let thepycnometer(s) come to thermal equilibrium (for at least 3 h). The equilibrium temperature
49、 should be within 4C of roomtemperature and between 15 and 30C.TABLE 1 Recommended Mass for Test SpecimenSoil Type Specimen Dry Mass (g)When Using 250 mLPycnometerSpecimen Dry Mass (g)When Using 500 mLPycnometerSP, SP-SM 60 10 100 10SP-SC, SM, SC 45 10 75 10Silt or Clay 35 5 50 10D854 1438.4 Move the insulated container near the balance or vice versa. Open the container and remove one pycnometer. Only the rimof the pycnometer shall be touched as to prevent the heat from handling changing the thermal equilibrium. Either work in th
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