1、Designation:D905Standard Terminology Relating toWood and Wood-Based Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 9; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthese
2、s indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe definitions contained herein constitute a lexicon of terms of general interest. Definitions in morespecialized wood product or process use will be fou
3、nd in other standards. These include PracticeD 245, Establishing Structural Grades and RelatedAllowable Properties for Visually Graded Lumber;2Terminology D 907, Adhesives;2Definitions D 1038, Terms Relating to Veneer and Plywood;2Nomenclature D 1165, Domestic Hardwoods and Softwoods;2Definitions D
4、1554, Terms Relating toWood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials;2Definitions F 547, Terms Relating to Nails for Usewith Wood and Wood-Base Materials;2Methods D 2555, Establishing Clear-Wood Strength Values;2Definitions C 274, Terms Relating to Structural Sandwich Constructions.21. Scope1.1 This
5、terminology covers a repository of definitionsessential for the business of Committee D07.1.2 The following criteria shall be followed by Subcommit-tee D07.91 in selecting terms and associated definitions forinclusion in this standard.1.2.1 Terms and associated definitions shall be selected ifthey a
6、re in general use in the conduct of the standards overwhich D07 has jurisdiction.1.2.2 Terms and associated definitions in general industrialor technical use that are not unique to wood or wood-basedproducts are not included.1.2.3 Terms and associated definitions that are unique to asingle D07 stand
7、ard and defined therein or generally under-stood or adequately defined in other readily available sourcesmay not be included in Terminology D 9.1.3 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee D07 is responsible, it is included in TerminologyD 9 only when judged an essential term by su
8、bcommitteeD07.91.1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in discussion notes.1.5 Terms and definitions shall be reviewed every 5 years;the year of last review is appended.2. Terminologyallowable propertiesmechanical properties of materials asprepared for design us
9、e. Allowable properties of wood areidentified with stress-grade descriptions and reflect theorthotropic structure of wood. Often considered synonomouswith allowable unit stresses, working stresses, and designstresses.American softwood lumber standarda voluntary productstandard of the U. S. Departmen
10、t of Commerce which servesas a basis for the preparation and revision of industry-sponsored grading rules for lumber.American standard lumberlumber conforming to the basicprovisions of the American Softwood Lumber Standard.annual ringthe growth layer produced by the tree in a singlegrowth year, incl
11、uding earlywood and latewood.bark pocketthe layer of a tree outside the cambium com-prising the inner bark and the outer bark.inner barkthe layer of living bark (phloem) that separatesthe outer bark from the cambium and which in the living treegenerally is moist and soft.outer barkthe layer of dead
12、bark outside the inner bark,forming the exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer barkfrequently is corky and dry.bark productan opening between annual growth rings thatcontains bark. Bark pockets appear as dark streaks on radialsurfaces and as rounded areas on tangential surfaces.basic stress (a
13、rchaic)the term once used for an allowableproperty for clear, straight-grained lumber.battena narrow strip of lumber for covering the adjoining1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.91 on Terminology andEditorial.
14、Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1907. Last previous edition approved in 1987 as D987(1999)e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandard
15、s volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.edges of roofing or siding, often designated as “batts.”board foota unit of measurement represented
16、 by a board 1ft long, 1 ft wide, and 1 in. thick. Abbreviation ft. b.m.; bd.ft., fmb. In finished or surfaced lumber, the board-footmeasure is based on the nominal size. In practice, theworking unit is 1000 board feet. Abbreviation M bd. ft.; MB.M.; M B.F.board measurea unit of measurement of the vo
17、lume inboard feet of logs or lumber. Abbreviation B.M.boardsSee lumber.bolethe stem or trunk of a tree of size sufficient to yieldlumber, veneer, or poles.bolt(1) a short section of a tree trunk or limb;(2) a short log of a length suitable for peeling in a lathe forveneer; and(3) a short portion of
18、a log prepared for production ofshingles, staves, etc.bowthe distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction perpendicular to the flat face from astraight line from end to end of the piece.brashnessa condition that causes some pieces of wood to berelatively low in shock r
19、esistance for the species and, whenbroken in bending, to fail abruptly without splintering atcomparatively small deflections.built-up timbersan assembly made by joining layers oflumber together with mechanical fastenings so the grain ofall laminations is essentially parallel.burl(1) a hard, woody ou
20、tgrowth on a tree, more or lessrounded in form, usually resulting from the entwined growthof a cluster of adventitious buds.(2) in wood or veneer, a localized severe distortion of thegrain generally rounded in outline, usually resulting fromovergrowth of dead branch stubs, varying from 1/2 in. tosev
21、eral inches in diameter; frequently includes one or moreclusters of several small contiguous conical protuberances,each usually having a core of pith but no appreciable amountof end grain (in tangential view) surrounding it.cambiumthe layer of cells that lies between the inner barkand the wood of a
22、tree, that repeatedly subdivides to formnew wood and bark cells.canta log that has been slabbed on one or more sides,usually with the intention of resawing at right angles to thewidest sawn face.casehardeninga condition of stress and set in wood due todrying in which outer fibers are under compressi
23、ve stress andinner fibers under tensile stress, a condition that often existsduring subsequent processing. In commerce, the term oftenconnotes a degree of severity regarded as detrimental in use.cella general term for the minute units of wood structurehaving distinct cell walls and cell cavities inc
24、luding woodfibers, vessel segments, and other elements of diversestructure and function.cellulosethe carbohydrate that is the principal constituent ofwood and forms the structural framework of the wood cells.characteristica distinguishing feature or trait. In gradinglumber and other wood products, a
25、 feature in or on the woodwhich by its nature, extent, and frequency of occurrencedetermines the grade or level of quality.characteristic sizethe standard dimensions of the piece atwhich the characteristic value is calculated.characteristic valuethe structural property estimate, typi-cally a populat
26、ion mean, median, or tolerance limit valueestimated from the test data that is representative of thepopulation being sampled. Test data is typically adjusted tostandardized conditions of temperature, moisture content,and characteristic size.checka separation of the wood along the fiber direction tha
27、tusually extends across the rings of annual growth, com-monly resulting from stresses set up in wood during season-ing.end checka seasoning check occurring on the end of aboard or other piece of wood.heart checka check that extends across the growth layersin one or more directions from the pith towa
28、rd, but not to, thesurface of a piece of wood. A synonym is pith check.pith checksee heart check.roller checka crack in the wood structure caused by apiece of cupped lumber being flattened between machinerollers.star checka heart check in which the separation extends inmore than one direction from t
29、he pith.surface checka check occurring on the surface of a pieceof wood, usually on the tangential face not extendingthrough the piece.through checka check that extends through a piece ofwood, or from a surface to the opposite or to an adjoiningsurface.chipssmall fragments of wood chopped or broken
30、by cutssuch as by a planer, chipper, mechanical hog, hammermill.clearfree of defects or imperfections.coarse grainSee grain.collapsethe flattening of single cells or rows of cells duringthe drying or pressure treatment of wood, characterized by acaved-in or corrugated posite wood beama laminar const
31、ruction comprising acombination of wood and other simple or complex materialsassembled and intimately fixed in relation to each other so asto use the properties of each to attain specific structuraladvantage of the whole pression failuredeformation of the wood fibers result-ing from excessive compre
32、ssion along the grain either indirect end compression or in bending. It may develop instanding trees due to bending by wind or snow or to internallongitudinal stresses developed in growth, or it may resultfrom stresses imposed after the tree is cut. In surfacedlumber, compression failures appear as
33、fine wrinkles acrossthe face of the pression parallel to graincompression, endwise (par-allel to the grain). The imposition of a compressive stressthat acts in a direction parallel to the grain of the wood, as ina pression perpendicular to graincompression, sidewise(perpendicular to the grain). The
34、imposition of a compres-sive stress that acts in a direction approximately perpendicu-lar to the grain of the pression woodabnormal wood formed typically on theD9052lower side of branches and inclined trunks of softwood trees.Compression wood is identified by its relatively wide annualrings, usually
35、 eccentric, relatively large amount of latewood,sometimes more than 50 % of the width of the annual ringsin which it occurs, and its lack of demarcation betweenearlywood and latewood in the same annual rings. Compres-sion wood shrinks excessively lengthwise, as compared withnormal wood.conifera tree
36、 belonging to the order Coniferae, usuallyevergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves,and producing wood known commercially as “softwood.”crooka distortion of a piece of lumber in which there is adeviation in a direction perpendicular to the edge from astraight line from end to end o
37、f the piece.cross breaka separation of the wood cells across the grain.Such breaks may be due to internal stress resulting fromunequal longitudinal shrinkage or external forces.cross grainSee grain.cross sectiona section of a stem, board, or other piece ofwood taken at right angles to its longitudin
38、al axis.crosscutto cut a board, timber, or log generally transverse tothe direction of the fibers. A synonym is “buck.”cupa distortion of a board in which there is a deviationflatwise from a straight line across the width of the board.decaydecomposition of wood substance caused by action ofwood-dest
39、roying fungi, resulting in softening, loss ofstrength and weight, and often in change of texture and color.advanced (or typical) decaythe older stage of decay inwhich the destruction is readily recognized because thewood has become punky, soft and spongy, stringy, ring-shaked, pitted, or crumbly. De
40、cided discoloration or bleach-ing of the rotted wood is often apparent.incipient decaythe early stage of decay that has notproceeded far enough to soften or otherwise perceptiblyimpair the hardness of the wood. It may be accompanied bya slight discoloration or bleaching of the wood.pocket rotadvance
41、d decay that appears in the form of ahole, pocket, or area of soft rot usually surrounded byapparently sound wood.defectany irregularity or imperfection in a tree, log, piece,product, or lumber that reduces the volume of sound wood orlowers its durability, strength, or utility value.degrade, na redu
42、ction in quality of lumber, logs, or otherwood products due to processing.dense(1) term used in stress grading of certain softwoodspecies to signify a high specific gravity. (2) a visualestimate of high specific gravity. To be classified as dense,the softwood species shall average on one end or the
43、other ofeach piece, not less than six annual rings per inch andone-third or more latewood. Pieces not less than four ringsper inch shall be accepted as dense if they average one-halfor more latewood.depth factorthe factor included in deriving the allowablebending stress for rectangular members which
44、 takes intoaccount the somewhat lower unit strength developed inlarger members as compared to smaller members. Archaicterminology, more correctly termed size factor.depth of beamthat dimension of the beam that is perpen-dicular to the span and parallel to the direction in which theload is applied.di
45、ffuse porous woodcertain hardwoods in which the poresexhibit little or no variation in size or distribution throughoutthe growth ring, only decreasing slightly in size, graduallytoward the outer border of the ring.dimensional stabilizationtreatment of wood to reduceswelling and shrinking caused by c
46、hanges in its moisturecontent.doteSee decay.dressed sizeSee lumber.dryingSee seasoning.dry-bulb temperaturetemperature of the air as indicated byan accurate thermometer, corrected for radiation if signifi-cant.durabilitya general term for permanence or resistance todeterioration. Frequently used to
47、refer to the degree ofresistance of a species of wood to attack by wood-destroyingfungi under conditions that favor such attack. In this con-nection the term “decay resistance” is more specific.duration of loadthe duration of stress or the time duringwhich a load acts on a member. In wood, a design
48、consid-eration for modifying allowable stresses, based on theaccumulated loadings anticipated in the life of a structure.E-rated lumberlumber graded for use in manufacturingglued-laminated timber by nondestructive measurement of amodulus of elasticity (E), and by visual inspection inaccordance with
49、the grading rules of the applicable gradingor inspection agency.earlywoodthe less dense, large-celled, part of the growthlayer formed first during the annual growth cycle. A syn-onym is springwood.equilibrium moisture contenta moisture content at whichwood neither gains nor loses moisture to the surrounding air.extractivescompounds occurring in plant materials but notforming part of the structural elements, that are removedwith neutral solvents such as ether, alco
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