1、Designation: D909 16 Method 6012.6Federal TestMethod Standard No. 791bDesignation: 119/96Standard Test Method forSupercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department
3、of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitativedetermination of supercharge ratings of spark-ignition aviationgasoline. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized singlecylinder, four-stroke cycle, indirect injected, liquid cooled,CFR engine run in accordance with a d
4、efined set of operatingconditions.1.2 The supercharge rating is calculated by linear interpo-lation of the knock limited power of the sample compared tothe knock limited power of bracketing reference fuel blends.1.3 The rating scale covers the range from 85 octanenumber to Isooctane + 6.0 mL TEL U.S
5、. gal.1.4 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements and reference fuel concentrations continue to bein historical units.1.5 This standard does not purport
6、 to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in
7、Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptaneand Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIo
8、dine Mono-chloride MethodD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE456 Termin
9、ology Relating to Quality and Statistics2.2 CFR Engine Manuals:3CFR F-4 Form 846 Supercharge Method Aviation GasolineRating Unit Installation ManualCFR F-4 Form 893 Supercharge Method Aviation GasolineRating Unit Operation it is the softest knock that the operator can definitely andrepeatedly recogn
10、ize by ear although it may not be audible onevery combustion cycle (intermittent knock). The variations inknock intensity can occasionally include loud knocks and verylight knocks. These variations can also change with mixtureratio; the steadiest knock typically occurring in the vicinity of0.09 fuel
11、-air ratio.3.1.11 power curve, nfor supercharge method knockrating, the characteristic power output, expressed as indicatedmean effective pressure, over a range of fuel-air ratios fromapproximately 0.08 to approximately 0.12, when a superchargetest engine is operated on isooctane plus 6 ml of tetrae
12、thylleadper U.S. gallon under standard conditions at a constant intakemanifold pressure of 40 in. of Hg (134.3 kPa) absolute.3.1.12 knock-limited power curve, nfor superchargemethod knock rating, the non-linear standard knock intensitycharacteristic of a primary reference fuel blend or a samplefuel,
13、 expressed as indicated mean effective pressures, over therange of fuel-air ratios from approximately 0.08 to approxi-mately 0.12.3.1.13 reference fuel framework, nfor superchargemethod knock rating, the graphic representation of the knock-limited power curves for the specified primary reference fue
14、lblends of isooctane + n-heptane and isooctane + TEL (mL/U.S.gal) that defines the expected indicated mean effective pressureversus fuel-air ratio characteristics for supercharge test enginesoperating properly under standardized conditions.3.1.14 mean effective pressure, nfor internal-combustionengi
15、nes, the steady state pressure which, if applied to the pistonduring the expansion stroke is a function of the measuredpower.73.1.15 indicated mean effective pressure, n for spark-ignition engines, the measure of engine power developed in theengine cylinder or combustion chamber.3.1.16 brake mean ef
16、fective pressure, n for spark-ignitionengines, the measure of engine power at the output shaft astypically measured by an absorption dynamometer or brake.3.1.17 friction mean effective pressure, n for spark-ignition engines, the measure of the difference between IMEPand BMEP or power absorbed in mec
17、hanical friction and anyauxiliaries.3.1.18 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same laboratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.18.1 DiscussionIn the
18、context of this method, a shorttime interval is understood to be the time for two back-to-backratings because of the length of time required for each rating.3.1.19 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laborato
19、ries with different operators usingdifferent equipment. E4563.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARVaccepted reference value3.2.2 ABDCafter bottom dead center3.2.3 ATDCafter top dead center3.2.4 BBDCbefore bottom dead center3.2.5 BMEPbreak mean effective pressure3.2.6 BTDCbefore top dead center3.2.7 C.R.compress
20、ion ratio3.2.8 FMEPfriction mean effective pressure3.2.9 IATintake air temperature3.2.10 IMEPindicated mean effective pressure3.2.11 NEGNational Exchange Group3.2.12 O.N.octane number3.2.13 PNperformance number7See The Internal-Combustion Engine by Taylor and Taylor, InternationalTextbook Company, S
21、cranton, PA.D909 1623.2.14 PRFprimary reference fuel3.2.15 RTDresistance thermometer device (TerminologyE344) platinum type3.2.16 TDCtop dead center3.2.17 TELtetraethyllead3.2.18 UVultra violet4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The supercharge method rating of a fuel is determinedby comparing the knock-li
22、mited power of the sample to thosefor bracketing blends of reference fuels under standard oper-ating conditions. Testing is performed at fixed compressionratio by varying the intake manifold pressure and fuel flowrate, and measuring IMEP at a minimum of six points to definethe mixture response curve
23、s, IMEP versus fuel-air ratio, for thesample and reference fuels. The knock-limited power for thesample is bracketed between those for two adjacent referencefuels, and the rating for the sample is calculated by interpola-tion of the IMEP at the fuel-air ratio which produces maximumpower (IMEP) for t
24、he lower bracketing reference fuel.5. Significance and Use5.1 Supercharge method ratings can provide an indication ofthe rich-mixture antiknock performance of aviation gasoline inaviation piston engines.5.2 Supercharge method ratings are used by petroleumrefiners and marketers and in commerce as a p
25、rimary specifi-cation measurement to insure proper matching of fuel anti-knock quality and engine requirement.5.3 Supercharge method ratings may be used by aviationengine and aircraft manufacturers as a specification measure-ment related to matching of fuels and engines.6. Interferences6.1 Precautio
26、nAvoid exposure of sample fuels to sunlightor fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemi-cal reactions that can affect octane number ratings.86.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorterthan 550 nm for a short period of time can significantly affectoctane number ratings.6.2 E
27、lectrical power subject to transient voltage or fre-quency surges or distortion can alter CFR engine operatingconditions or knock measuring instrumentation performanceand thus affect the supercharge rating obtained for samplefuels.7. Apparatus7.1 Engine Equipment9,10This test method uses a singlecyl
28、inder, CFR engine that consists of standard components asfollows: crankcase, a cylinder/clamping sleeve, a thermalsiphon recirculating jacket coolant system, an intake air systemwith controlled temperature and pressure equipment, electricalcontrols, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine flywheel i
29、sconnected to a special electric dynamometer utilized to bothstart the engine and as a means to absorb power at constantspeed when combustion is occurring (engine firing). See Fig. 1and Table 1.7.1.1 The CFR Engines, Inc. designation for the apparatusrequired for this test method is Model CFR F-4 Su
30、perchargeMethod Octane Rating Unit.7.2 Auxiliary EquipmentA number of components anddevices have been developed to integrate the basic engineequipment into complete laboratory measurement system.8. Reference Materials8.1 Cylinder Jacket CoolantEthylene Glycol shall be usedin the cylinder jacket with
31、 the required amount of water toobtain a boiling temperature of 191 C 6 3 C (375 F 65 F). (WarningEthylene glycol based antifreeze is poison-ous and may be harmful or fatal if inhaled or swallowed. SeeAnnex A1.)8.1.1 Water shall be understood to mean reagent waterconforming to Type IV of Specificati
32、on D1193.8.2 Engine Crankcase Lubricating OilAn SAE 50 viscos-ity grade oil meeting the current API service classification forspark-ignition engines shall be used. It shall contain a detergentadditive and have a kinematic viscosity of 16.77 mm2/s to25.0 mm2/s (cSt) at 100 C (212 F) and a viscosity i
33、ndex ofnot less than 85. Oils containing viscosity index improversshall not be used. Multigraded oils shall not be used.(WarningLubricating oil is combustible and its vapor isharmful. See Annex A1.)8.3 PRF,10,11isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) andn-heptane meeting the specifications in Table 2.(Wa
34、rningPrimary reference fuel is flammable and its vapors are harmful.Vapors may cause flash fire. See Annex A1.)8.4 Tetraethyllead concentrated antiknock mixture (aviationmix) containing not less than 61.0 weight % of tetraethylleadand sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromineatoms per ato
35、m of lead. The balance of the antiknock mixtureshall be a suitable oxidation inhibitor, an oil-soluble dye toprovide a distinctive color for identification and kerosene.8.4.1 Temperature CorrectionsIf the temperature of thefuel is below that of the TEL, the quantity of the TEL isincreased and vice v
36、ersa as calculated by the coefficient ofexpansion, obtained from the supplier, of concentrated TEL.8.4.2 Analysis for TELIt is recommended that each blendof fuel, particularly drum blends, be analyzed for lead contentin accordance with standard test methods (see Test MethodsD3237, D3341, and D5059.)
37、8.5 Isooctane+6.0 mL TELa mixture of isooctane andaviation mix tetraethyllead that contains 6.00 mL 6 0.05 mLof8Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1502.9The sole source of supply of the engine equipment and instr
38、umentation knownto the committee at this time is CFR Engines, Inc., N8 W22577, Johnson Dr.,Pewaukee, WI 53186.10If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsi
39、ble technical committee,1which you may attend.11Primary Reference Fuels are currently available from Chevron PhillipsChemical Company LP., 1301 McKinney, Suite 2130, Houston, TX 770103030.D909 163tetraethyllead per U.S. gallon (1.68 g 6 0.014 g of elementallead per litre) which may be blended with i
40、sooctane to preparereference fuel blends.8.5.1 Blend ratios for diluting isooctane+6.0 mL TEL withisooctane to prepare the reference fuel compositions that areemployed in this test method are shown in Table 3.8.6 Aviation Check FuelA typical aviation gasoline forwhich the Supercharge RatingARV has b
41、een determined by theNEG that is used for checking engine performance. This fuel(Aviation Grade 100LL) and supporting statistical data fromthe ARV determination program are available from thesupplier.10,12(WarningCheck Fuel is flammable and itsvapors are harmful. Vapors may cause flash fire. See Ann
42、exA1.)9. Sampling9.1 Collect samples in accordance with Practices D4057.9.2 Protection from LightCollect and store sample fuels inan opaque container, such as a dark brown glass bottle, metalcan, or a minimally reactive plastic container to minimizeexposure to UV emissions from sources such as sunli
43、ght orfluorescent lamps.10. Basic Engine and Instrumentation Settings andStandard Operating Conditions10.1 Installation of Engine Equipment andInstrumentationInstallation of the engine and instrumenta-tion requires placement of the engine on a suitable foundationand hook-up of all utilities. Enginee
44、ring and technical supportfor this function is required, and the user shall be responsibleto comply with all local and national codes and installationrequirements.10.1.1 Proper operation of the CFR engine requires assem-bly of a number of engine components and adjustment of aseries of engine variabl
45、es to prescribed specifications. Some ofthese settings are established by component specifications,others are established at the time of engine assembly or afteroverhaul, and still others are engine running conditions thatmust be observed or determined by the operator during thetesting process.10.2
46、Conditions Based on Component Specifications:10.2.1 Engine Speed, 1800 r min 6 45 r min, under bothfiring and non-firing conditions. The maximum variationthroughout a test shall not exceed 45 r min, exclusive offriction measurement.10.2.2 Compression Ratio, 7.0 to 1, fixed by adjustment ofthe cleara
47、nce volume to 108 mL 6 0.5 mL on cylinders ofstandard bore by the bench tilt procedure.12The sole source of supply of the aviation check fuel known to the committeeat this time is Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP., 1301 McKinney, Suite2130, Houston, TX 770103030.FIG. 1 Supercharge UnitD909 16410
48、.2.3 Indexing Flywheel to TDCWith the piston at thehighest point of travel in the cylinder, set the flywheel pointermark in alignment with the 0 mark on the flywheel inaccordance with the instructions of the manufacturer.10.2.4 Valve TimingThe engine uses a four-stroke cyclewith two crankshaft revol
49、utions for each complete combustioncycle. The two critical valve events are those that occur nearTDC; intake valve opening and exhaust valve closing.10.2.4.1 Intake valve opening shall occur at 15.0 6 2.5BTDC with closing at 50 ABDC on one revolution of thecrankshaft and flywheel.10.2.4.2 Exhaust valve opening shall occur 50 BBDC onthe second revolution of the crankshaft and flywheel, withclosing at 15.0 6 2.5 ATDC on the next revolution of thecrankshaft and flywheel.10.2.5 Valve LiftIntake and exhaust cam lobe contour
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