1、Designation: D92 11Designation: 36/84 (89)American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T48DIN 51 376Standard Test Method forFlash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D92; the number immediately followi
2、ng the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved
3、 for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis flash point and fire point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates oftemperature increases to control the precision of the test method. Its primary use is for viscousmaterials having flash point of 79C (175F) an
4、d above. It is also used to determine fire point, whichis a temperature above the flash point, at which the test specimen will support combustion for aminimum of 5 s. Do not confuse this test method with Test Method D4206, which is a sustainedburning test, open cup type, at a specific temperature of
5、 49C (120F).Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed between results obtain
6、ed by differenttest methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flashpoint and fire point of petroleum products by a manualCleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland opencup apparatus.NOTE 1The precisions
7、for fire point were not determined in thecurrent interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is notcommonly specified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flamma-bility temperature may be desired.1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum productswith flash points above 79
8、C (175F) and below 400C(752F) except fuel oils.NOTE 2This test method may occasionally be specified for thedetermination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of theflash points of fuel oils, use Test Method D93. Test Method D93 shouldalso be used when it is desired to determine the
9、 possible presence of small,but significant, concentrations of lower flash point substances that mayescape detection by Test Method D92. Test Method D1310 can beemployed if the flash point is known to be below 79C (175F).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values
10、 given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken w
11、hen handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury containing products into your state or
12、countrymay be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
13、ons prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.1This test method is under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.08 on Volatility. In the IP, this test method is under th
14、e jurisdiction of theStandardization Committee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IPstandard in 1965.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D9205a (2010). DOI:10.1520/D0092-11.1*A Summary of Cha
15、nges section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD140 Practice for Sampling
16、Bituminous MaterialsD1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point ofLiquids by Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4206 Test Method for Sustained Burning of Liquid Mix-t
17、ures Using the Small Scale Open-Cup ApparatusE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers2.3 ISO Standards:4Guide 34 Quality Systems Guidelines for the Production ofRefe
18、rence MaterialsGuide 35 Certification of Reference MaterialGeneral andStatistical Principles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dynamic, adjin petroleum products, the conditionwhere the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimenare not in temperature equilibrium at the time that the ignitio
19、nsource is applied.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heatingof the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with thevapor temperature lagging behind the test specimen tempera-ture.3.1.2 fire point, nin petroleum products, the lowest tem-perature corrected to a barometric pressur
20、e of 101.3 kPa (760mm Hg), at which application of an ignition source causes thevapors of a test specimen of the sample to ignite and sustainburning for a minimum of 5 s under specified conditions oftest.3.1.3 flash point, nin petroleum products, the lowesttemperature corrected to a barometric press
21、ure of 101.3 kPa(760 mm Hg), at which application of an ignition source causesthe vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under specifiedconditions of test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Approximately 70 mL of test specimen is filled into atest cup. The temperature of the test specimen is increas
22、edrapidly at first and then at a slower constant rate as the flashpoint is approached.At specified intervals a test flame is passedacross the cup. The flash point is the lowest liquid temperatureat which application of the test flame causes the vapors of thetest specimen of the sample to ignite. To
23、determine the firepoint, the test is continued until the application of the test flamecauses the test specimen to ignite and sustain burning for aminimum of 5 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the testspecimen to form a flammable mixture with air under co
24、n-trolled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number ofproperties that should be considered in assessing the overallflammability hazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations todefine flammable and combustible materials. Consult theparticular regulation invol
25、ved for precise definitions of theseclassifications.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highlyvolatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flashpoint on a test specimen of engine oil can indicate gasolinecontam
26、ination.5.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describethe properties of materials, products, or assemblies in responseto heat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditionsand shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard orfire risk of materials, products, or assemb
27、lies under actual fireconditions. However, results of this test method may be used aselements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all ofthe factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazardof a particular end use.5.5 The fire point is one measure of the tendency of the tes
28、tspecimen to support combustion.6. Apparatus6.1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (manual)This appa-ratus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flame applica-tor, heater, and supports described in detail in the Annex A1.The assembled manual apparatus, heating plate, and cup areillustrated in Figs
29、. 1-3, respectively. Dimensions are listed withthe figures.6.2 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (automated)This ap-paratus is an automated flash point instrument that shallperform the test in accordance with Section 11 Procedure. Theapparatus shall use the test cup with the dimensions asdescribed in Ann
30、ex A1 and the application of the test flameshall be as described in Annex A1.6.3 Temperature Measuring DeviceA thermometer hav-ing the range as shown below and conforming to the require-ments prescribed in Specification E1 or in the Specificationsfor IP Standard Thermometers, or an electronic temper
31、aturemeasuring device, such as a resistance thermometer or ther-mocouple. The device shall exhibit the same temperatureresponse as the mercury thermometers.Thermometer NumberTemperature Range ASTM IP6 to +400C 11C 28C20 to 760F 11F2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
32、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.4Available from American
33、 National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D921126.4 Test FlameNatural gas (methane) flame and bottledgas (butane, propane) flame have been found acceptable for useFIG. 1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatusmillimetres inchesmin max min maxA 6 7 0.236 0.276B 0.5 1.0 0
34、.020 0.039C 6 7 0.236 0.276DDiameter 55 56 2.165 2.205EDiameter 69.5 70.5 2.736 2.776FDiameter 146 159 5.748 6.260FIG. 2 Heating PlateFIG. 3 Cleveland Open CupD92113as the ignition source. The gas flame device is described indetail in Annex A1.(WarningGas pressure supplied to theapparatus must not b
35、e allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of waterpressure.)7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Cleaning SolventsUse suitable technical grade solventcapable of cleaning out the test specimen from the test cup anddrying the test cup. Some commonly used solvents are tolueneand acetone. (WarningToluene, acetone, and
36、 many solventsare flammable. Health hazard. Dispose of solvents and wastematerial in accordance with local regulations.)8. Sampling8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with the instructionsgiven in Practices D140, D4057, D4177 or E300.8.2 At least 70 mL of sample is required for each test. Referto Prac
37、tice D4057.8.3 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if pre-cautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Donot open containers unnecessarily; this will prevent loss ofvolatile material and possible introduction of moisture. Do notmake a transfer of the sample unless the sam
38、ple temperature isat least 56C (100F) below the expected flash point. Whenpossible, flash point should be the first test performed on asample and the sample should be stored at low temperature.NOTE 3Typical sample storage temperature is normal room tempera-ture or lower.8.4 Do not store samples in g
39、as-permeable containers sincevolatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclo-sure. Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a sourceof valid results.8.5 Light hydrocarbons may be present in the form of gases,such as propane or butane, and may not be detected by testingbecause of
40、losses during sampling and filling of the test cup.This is especially evident on heavy residuums or asphalts fromsolvent extraction processes.8.6 Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed untilthey are reasonably fluid before they are tested. However, nosample shall be heated more than is abso
41、lutely necessary. Itshall never be heated above a temperature of 56C (100F)below its expected flash point. When the sample has beenheated above this temperature, allow the sample to cool until itis at least 56C (100F) below the expected flash point beforetransferring.NOTE 4Typically, the sample cont
42、ainers for these types of sampleswill remain closed during the warming process.8.7 Samples containing dissolved or free water can bedehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through aqualitative filter paper or a loose plug of dry absorbent cotton.Samples of very viscous materials can be warm
43、ed until they arereasonably fluid before they are filtered, but they shall not beheated for prolonged periods or above a temperature of 56C(100F) below its expected flash point.NOTE 5If the sample is suspected of containing volatile contaminants,the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitt
44、ed.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a levelsteady surface, such as a table.9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room orcompartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood or in anylocation where drafts occur are not to be relied upon.NOTE 6A draft shield
45、is recommended to prevent drafts from disturb-ing the vapors above the test cup. This shield should cover at least threesides of the test cup vicinity. Some apparatus may already include abuilt-in draft shield.NOTE 7With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis areobjectionable, it is perm
46、issible to place the apparatus along with a shieldinto a hood, the draft of which is adjusted so that the vapors may bewithdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the final56C (100F) rise in temperature prior to the flash point.9.3 Wash the test cup with the cleaning solvent to r
47、emoveany test specimen or traces of gum or residue remaining froma previous test. If any deposits of carbon are present, theyshould be removed with a material such as a very fine grade ofsteel wool. Ensure that the test cup is completely clean and drybefore using again. If necessary, flush the test
48、cup with coldwater and dry for a few minutes over an open flame or a hotplate to remove the last traces of solvent and water. Cool thetest cup to at least 56C (100F) below the expected flash pointbefore using.9.4 Support the temperature measuring device in a verticalposition with the bottom of the d
49、evice located 6.4 6 0.1 mm(14 6150 in.) up from the bottom of the inside of the test cupand located at a point halfway between the center and the sideof the test cup on a diameter perpendicular to the arc (or line)of the sweep of the test flame and on the side opposite to thetest flame applicator mounting position.NOTE 8The immersion line engraved on the ASTM or IP thermom-eter will be 2 6 0.1 mm (564 6150 in.) below the level of the rim of thecup when the thermometer is properly positioned.NOTE 9Some automated apparatus is c
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