1、Designation:D9211 Designation: D92 12Designation: 36/84 (89)American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T48DIN 51 376Standard Test Method forFlash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D92; the number i
2、mmediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard
3、 has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis flash point and fire point test method is a dynamic method and depends on definite rates oftemperature increases to control the precision of the test method. Its primary use is for viscousmaterials having flash poin
4、t of 79C (175F) and above. It is also used to determine fire point, whichis a temperature above the flash point, at which the test specimen will support combustion for aminimum of 5 s. Do not confuse this test method with Test Method D4206, which is a sustainedburning test, open cup type, at a speci
5、fic temperature of 49C (120F).Flash point values are a function of the apparatus design, the condition of the apparatus used, andthe operational procedure carried out. Flash point can therefore only be defined in terms of a standardtest method, and no general valid correlation can be guaranteed betw
6、een results obtained by differenttest methods, or with test apparatus different from that specified.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash point and fire point of petroleum products by a manual Clevelandopen cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus.N
7、OTE 1The precisions for fire point were not determined in the current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is not commonlyspecified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flammability temperature may be desired.1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum products with
8、flash points above 79C (175F) and below 400C (752F)except fuel oils.NOTE 2This test method may occasionally be specified for the determination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of the flash pointsof fuel oils, use Test Method D93. Test Method D93 should also be used when it is d
9、esired to determine the possible presence of small, but significant,concentrations of lower flash point substances that may escape detection by Test Method D92. Test Method D1310 can be employed if the flash pointis known to be below 79C (175F).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
10、 the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materia
11、ls. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing p
12、roducts into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicabi
13、lity of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.1This test method is under the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.08on Volatility. In the IP,
14、this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP standard in 1965.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D9205a (2010). DOI:10.1
15、520/D0092-11.Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1921. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D9211. DOI: 10.1520/D0092-12.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what chan
16、ges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the offic
17、ial document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Te
18、sterD140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous MaterialsD1310 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup ApparatusD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4206 Test Method for
19、 Sustained Burning of Liquid Mixtures Using the Small Scale Open-Cup ApparatusE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers2.3 ISO Standards:4Guide 34 Quality Systems Gui
20、delines for the Production of Reference MaterialsGuide 35 Certification of Reference MaterialGeneral and Statistical Principles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dynamic, adjin petroleum products, the condition where the vapor above the test specimen and the test specimen arenot in temperature equi
21、librium at the time that the ignition source is applied.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThis is primarily caused by the heating of the test specimen at the constant prescribed rate with the vaportemperature lagging behind the test specimen temperature.3.1.2 fire point, nin petroleum products, the lowest temperatu
22、re corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg),at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a test specimen of the sample to ignite and sustain burning for aminimum of 5 s under specified conditions of test.3.1.3 flash point, n in petroleum products, the lowest tem
23、perature corrected to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mmHg), at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a specimen of the sample to ignite under specified conditionsof test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Approximately 70 mL of test specimen is filled into a test cup. The t
24、emperature of the test specimen is increased rapidlyat first and then at a slower constant rate as the flash point is approached. At specified intervals a test flame is passed across thecup. The flash point is the lowest liquid temperature at which application of the test flame causes the vapors of
25、the test specimenof the sample to ignite. To determine the fire point, the test is continued until the application of the test flame causes the testspecimen to ignite and sustain burning for a minimum of 5 s.5. Significance and Use5.1 The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the test specim
26、en to form a flammable mixture with air under controlledlaboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that should be considered in assessing the overall flammabilityhazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible m
27、aterials. Consult the particularregulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile ornonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flash point on a test
28、 specimen of engine oil can indicate gasolinecontamination.5.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response toheat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire
29、 hazard or fire riskof materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elementsof a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particularend use.5.5 T
30、he fire point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to support combustion.6. Apparatus6.1 Cleveland Open Cup Apparatus (manual)This apparatus consists of the test cup, heating plate, test flame applicator,2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactAST
31、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.4Available from American National St
32、andards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.D92122heater, and supports described in detail in the Annex A1. The assembled manual apparatus, heating plate, and cup are illustratedin Figs. 1-3, respectively. Dimensions are listed with the figures.6.2 Cleveland Open Cup Appa
33、ratus (automated)This apparatus is an automated flash point instrument that shall perform thetest in accordance with Section 11 Procedure. The apparatus shall use the test cup with the dimensions as described in Annex A1and the application of the test flame shall be as described in Annex A1.6.3 Temp
34、erature Measuring DeviceA thermometer having the range as shown below and conforming to the requirementsprescribed in Specification E1 or in the Specifications for IP Standard Thermometers, or an electronic temperature measuringdevice, such as a resistance thermometer or thermocouple. The device sha
35、ll exhibit the same temperature response as the mercurythermometers.Thermometer NumberTemperature Range ASTM IP6 to +400C 11C 28C20 to 760F 11FFIG. 1 Cleveland Open Cup ApparatusD921236.4 Test FlameNatural gas (methane) flame and bottled gas (butane, propane) flame have been found acceptable for use
36、 asthe ignition source. The gas flame device is described in detail in Annex A1. (Warning Gas pressure supplied to the apparatusmust not be allowed to exceed 3 kPa (12 in.) of water pressure.)7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Cleaning SolventsUse suitable technical grade solvent capable of cleaning out t
37、he test specimen from the test cup anddrying the test cup. Some commonly used solvents are toluene and acetone. (WarningToluene, acetone, and many solvents areflammable. Health hazard. Dispose of solvents and waste material in accordance with local regulations.)8. Sampling8.1 Obtain a sample in acco
38、rdance with the instructions given in Practices D140, D4057, D4177 or E300.millimetres inchesmin max min maxA 6 7 0.236 0.276B 0.5 1.0 0.020 0.039C 6 7 0.236 0.276DDiameter 55 56 2.165 2.205EDiameter 69.5 70.5 2.736 2.776FDiameter 146 159 5.748 6.260FIG. 2 Heating PlateFIG. 3 Cleveland Open CupD9212
39、48.2 At least 70 mL of sample is required for each test. Refer to Practice D4057.8.3 Erroneously high flash points may be obtained if precautions are not taken to avoid the loss of volatile material. Do not opencontainers unnecessarily; this will prevent loss of volatile material and possible introd
40、uction of moisture. Do not make a transferof the sample unless the sample temperature is at least 56C (100F) below the expected flash point. When possible, flash pointshould be the first test performed on a sample and the sample should be stored at low temperature.NOTE 3Typical sample storage temper
41、ature is normal room temperature or lower.8.4 Do not store samples in gas-permeable containers since volatile material may diffuse through the walls of the enclosure.Samples in leaky containers are suspect and not a source of valid results.8.5 Light hydrocarbons may be present in the form of gases,
42、such as propane or butane, and may not be detected by testingbecause of losses during sampling and filling of the test cup. This is especially evident on heavy residuums or asphalts from solventextraction processes.8.6 Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until they are reasonably fluid b
43、efore they are tested. However, no sampleshall be heated more than is absolutely necessary. It shall never be heated above a temperature of 56C (100F) below its expectedflash point. When the sample has been heated above this temperature, allow the sample to cool until it is at least 56C (100F)below
44、the expected flash point before transferring.NOTE 4Typically, the sample containers for these types of samples will remain closed during the warming process.8.7 Samples containing dissolved or free water can be dehydrated with calcium chloride or by filtering through a qualitativefilter paper or a l
45、oose plug of dry absorbent cotton. Samples of very viscous materials can be warmed until they are reasonablyfluid before they are filtered, but they shall not be heated for prolonged periods or above a temperature of 56C (100F) below itsexpected flash point.NOTE 5If the sample is suspected of contai
46、ning volatile contaminants, the treatment described in 8.6 and 8.7 should be omitted.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Support the manual or automated apparatus on a level steady surface, such as a table.9.2 Tests are to be performed in a draft-free room or compartment. Tests made in a laboratory hood
47、or in any location wheredrafts occur are not to be relied upon.NOTE 6A draft shield is recommended to prevent drafts from disturbing the vapors above the test cup. This shield should cover at least three sidesof the test cup vicinity. Some apparatus may already include a built-in draft shield.NOTE 7
48、With some samples whose vapors or products of pyrolysis are objectionable, it is permissible to place the apparatus along with a shield intoa hood, the draft of which is adjusted so that the vapors may be withdrawn without causing air currents over the test cup during the final 56C (100F)rise in tem
49、perature prior to the flash point.9.3 Wash the test cup with the cleaning solvent to remove any test specimen or traces of gum or residue remaining from aprevious test. If any deposits of carbon are present, they should be removed with a material such as a very fine grade of steel wool.Ensure that the test cup is completely clean and dry before using again. If necessary, flush the test cup with cold water and dryfor a few minutes over an open flame or a hot plate to remove the last traces of solvent and water. Cool the test cup to
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