ASTM D996-2010 Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments《包装和配送环境标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D996 10Standard Terminology ofPackaging and Distribution Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThe terms and definitions in this standard are grouped into related

3、 areas under principal concepts.The broad descriptor term for each group is followed in alphabetical order by narrower terms andrelated terms. Cross-references are included where the concept group is not obvious.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in t

4、he packaging and distribution envi-ronments. Terms that are generally understood or adequatelyfound in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in discussions.1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published bya

5、nother standards organization or ASTM committee are iden-tified with the name of the organization or ASTM committee.1.4 The definitions in this terminology are grouped intorelated areas under principal concepts. The broad discriptorterm for each group is followed in alphabetical order bynarrower ter

6、ms and related terms. Cross-references are in-cluded where the concept group is not obvious.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1596 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Char-acteristics of Packaging MaterialD328

7、8 Test Methods for Magnet-Wire EnamelsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsG15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and CorrosionTesting32.2 Federal Standard:PPP-F-320 Fiberboard, Corrugated and Solid, Sheet Stock(Container Grade), and Cut Shapes42.3 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rule 305

8、National Motor Freight Classification63. Terminologyabsorbent packingSee packing.adhesive, na substance capable of holding materials togetherby surface attachment.DISCUSSIONAdhesive is the general term and includes amongothers, cement, glue, mucilage, and paste.All of these terms are looselyused int

9、erchangeably. Various descriptive adjectives are applied to theterm adhesive to indicate certain characteristics as follows: (1) Physicalform, that is, liquid adhesive, tape adhesive, (2) Chemical type, that is,silicate adhesive, resin adhesive, (3) Materials bonded, that is, paperadhesive, metal-pl

10、astic adhesive, can label adhesive, and (4) Conditionsof use, that is, hot-setting adhesive (D907, D14).contact adhesive, nan adhesive that is apparently dry tothe touch and that will adhere to itself instantaneously uponcontact; also called contact bond adhesive or dry bondadhesive (D907, D14).aero

11、sol packageSee package.ampoule, na hermetically sealed, small bulbous glass orplastic vessel. Opening is achieved by breaking the stem.(Also ampuleor ampul.)anchor, vto secure firmly (Webster).anti-skid plateSee loading.available program, na qualifying term which can be used inthe definition of recy

12、clable, reusable, refillable, returnable,1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.11 on Terminology(definitions).Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1948 . Last

13、previous edition approved in 2004 as D996 04. DOI:10.1520/D0996-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM we

14、bsite.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402.5Available from Uniform Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaza,Chicago, IL 60606.6Availabl

15、e from National Classification Board, 2200 Mill Road, Alexandria, VA22314.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Spostable, establishing limits; for example, by populationand access within geographic area.DISCUSSIONThis term is an

16、essential component of recyclable,reusable, refillable, returnable, and compostable. Manufacturers shouldrefer to FTC Guidelines to ensure claims are not deceptive. Claimsshould be qualified with appropriate phrases such as the following:“Recyclable where facilities exist. Check to see if recycling

17、facilitiesexist in your community.”“Recyclable where facilities exist. Collection programs have beenestablished in x % of the country. Check to determine if they exist inyour community.”“Compostable in centralized facilities. Check to see if compostingprograms exist in your community.”“Compostable a

18、t home. May be composted in as part of yourcomposting pile at home.”bag, na preformed container of tubular construction madeof flexible material, generally enclosed on all sides exceptone forming an opening that may or may not be sealed afterfilling. (See also pouch.)DISCUSSIONAbag may be made of an

19、y flexible material, or multipleplies of the same, or combination of various flexible materials. Theterm bag is used as a synonym for sack, but the term sack generallyrefers to the heavier duty or shipping sacks. It is made in variousstandard styles and may be open-mouth or valve type. The five basi

20、cstandard types of bags are: (1) grocery bag, (2) merchandise paper, (3)industrial, (4) textile, and (5) paper shipping sack.paper multiwall-sacka flexible container made of severalplies, usually of kraft paper. The various plies may bespecially treated, such as waxed paper, glassine, greaseproof,po

21、lyethylene, wet strength paper, or other specialty sheets.The particular nature of the sack depends upon the materialto be packed and the type of transportation to be employed.bag linerSee liner.bail, nthe usually arched handle of a pail or can.bale, nin packaging a shaped unit, bound with cord or m

22、etalties under tension, and containing compressed articles ormaterials. It may be wrapped.bandingUse strapping.barrel, na bulged cylindrical container of greater lengththan breadth, made of wooden staves bound together withhoops and having two flat ends of equal diameter. (Comparedrum.)cask, na term

23、 used synonymously with barrel but usuallyof large size or capacity.keg, na small slack or tight barrel of 30-gal capacity orless.barrier material:grease-resistant barriera material that prevents or retardsthe transmission of grease or oils.water-resistant barriera material that retards the transmis

24、-sion of liquid water.water-vapor-resistant barriera material that retards thetransmission of water vapor.basket, na semirigid container usually open at the top andprovided with one or two handles for carrying. (Comparehamper.)DISCUSSIONA basket is sometimes made of thin strips of wood,woven or stap

25、led, or otherwise bound together, or it may be made offiberboard or combinations of wood and fiber, or plastic. (See stave.(2)battenSee box.biodegradable, adjcapable of undergoing decompositioninto carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds,or biomass in which the predominant mechanism is t

26、heenzymatic action of micro-organisms, that can be measuredby standardized tests, in a specified period of time, reflectingavailable disposal conditions.blister packSee pack.blockingSee loading.bodySee container.bottleSee container.bottomSee box.box, na rigid container having closed faces and comple

27、telyenclosing the contents. When this term is used in connectionwith fiberboard boxes, such fiber boxes must comply with allthe requirements of the carrier rules. (See carton.)bottom, nthe face of a box on which it usually rests whilefilling.DISCUSSIONIn terms of fiberboard shipping boxes, the face

28、createdby the flaps of regular (or similar style) slotted boxes are the top orbottom, regardless of loading or stacking.box batten, na reinforcing member, (1) for a wood boxinternally or externally applied to the sides, top and bottoms.When applied externally it should be applied in pairs; (2)ina wi

29、rebound box, a batten is a reinforcement used on theends of the container only.cleated fiberboard boxa rigid container having five or sixpanel faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panelsbeing made of solid or corrugated fiberboard.cleated plywood boxa rigid container having five or sixpanel

30、faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panelsbeing made of plywood.flange, nin fiberboard boxes, an extension to a panelsimilar to a short flap that may be folded in or out, usually atangles of 90 or 180 to the panel.nailed wood boxa rigid container constructed of wood inseveral standard style

31、s, assembled by fastening sides, topand bottom to the ends with nails or other suitable fasteners.skid boxa metal, wooden, or fiber box fastened to aplatform raised on skid members or legs; it may or may notbe collapsible. (See also skid.)wirebound boxa rigid container whose sides, top, andbottom ar

32、e of rotary-cut lumber, sliced lumber, resawnlumber, fiberboard, or combinations thereof, usually38 in.(9.5 mm) or less in thickness, fastened to cleats and to eachother by means of binding wires and staples; and ends ofsimilar material, plain or stapled to battens or liners,fastened in place by mea

33、ns of nails or staples or wiresstapled thereto.DISCUSSIONThe closure is made by twisting or looping together theends of the binding wires.boxboardSee paperboard.bracingSee loading.bubble packaging materiala material consisting of a flex-ible plastic film having uniformly spaced bubbles integrallymol

34、ded therein.DISCUSSIONThese bubbles may or may not be permanently affixedD996 102to a separate backing film to either seal the air within the bubbles or toadd dimensional stability to the structure. Bubble packaging is prima-rily used as a cushioning material.buffer, na material or device, such as f

35、olded up corrugatedfiberboard, placed in a container to position and protect thecontents from the forces of impact.DISCUSSIONA buffer is usually made of a cushioning, or compress-ible material. It may be made in a variety of styles such as spring buffer,rolled-up buffer, die-cut, and so forth. (See

36、cushioning material.)bulk packagingsee packaging.bundle, ntwo or more articles held together with rope, wire,or strapping so as to form a shipping unit; it may bewrapped.bung holein packaging, an opening in a barrel or drumthrough which material can be poured to fill, empty or vent.bursting strength

37、See package testing.bursting strength testSee package testing.caliperSee package testing.can, nin packaging, a receptacle generally of 10-gal capacityor less, normally not used as a shipping container.DISCUSSIONThe body is made of lightweight metal or is a compos-ite of paperboard and other material

38、s having the ends made ofpaperboard, metal, plastic, or a combination thereof.Cady testSee package testing.capSee container (cover).carboy, na container made of glass, ceramic, plastic, ormetal, having a capacity of 5 to 15 gal (19 to 57 L) with thepouring and filling opening at the top.DISCUSSIONFo

39、r shipment, carboys are generally encased in aprotective rigid outer container.carton, na folding box, generally made from boxboard formerchandising consumer quantities of products (for ex-ample, shelf packages or prime packages).caseSee container.case linerSee liner.caskSee barrel.child-resistant p

40、ackagingSee packaging.chime (chine), nin packaging, the rim of a container, suchas a drum, barrel, or can.chipboardSee paperboard.cleat, na wood or metal strip attached along the edge of apanel of a container for the attaching of an adjacent panel,or fastened to the panel between the edges, or to ba

41、rrelheads, for reinforcement and stiffening.cleated fiberboard boxSee box.cleated plywood boxSee box.closure, nin packaging, a means of closing a container toretain the contents.plug, nin packaging, a type of closure that is designed tobe inserted into a container opening. It may be held byfriction

42、or by screw threads. (See cap.)cocoon, vin packaging, to employ strippable, usually plastic,sometimes multi-layered films to encapsulate an item.code, vto assign numbers, letters, words, or symbols asidentifying marks to containers, packaged materials, orarticles to convey information concerning the

43、 qualities of thecontainer or its contents, date, place of manufacture, or othersignificant identification. (Compare marking.)collapsible tubeSee paction ratio, nthe measurement of the relationship ofvolume displacement of a package before and after simu-lated landfill conditions as determined in st

44、andardized posite tubeSee postable, adjcapable of undergoing biological decom-position in a compost site as part of an available program,such that the material (that is, feedstock) is not visuallydistinquishable and breaks down to carbon dioxide, water,inorganic compounds, and biomass, at a rate con

45、sistent withknown compostable materials.DISCUSSIONSee available program for further clarification. Also,manufacturers should indicate if composting at home or centralizedfacility is appropriate.Conbur testSee package testing.constant loadSee load.contact adhesivesee adhesive.containera nonspecific t

46、erm for a receptacle capable ofclosure (See also: bag, barrel, basket, box, can, carton,crate, cylinder, drum, envelope, hamper, pail, tube.)body, nin packaging, the principal part of a container,usually the largest part in one piece containing the sides.bottle, na rigid or semirigid container typic

47、ally of glass orplastic, having a comparatively narrow neck or mouth, andusually no handle (Webster).case, na nonspecific term for a shipping container. Indomestic commerce, case usually refers to a box made fromcorrugated or solid fiberboard wood, or metal.cover, nin packaging, the top or bottom, o

48、r both of acontainer, usually the part that closes the filling and dis-pensing opening. It is often called a cap when used withfiberboard containers. (See also shroud.)cylinder, na rigid cylindrical metal container designed asa portable vessel for the storage and transportation ofcompressed gases. G

49、enerally equipped with protected valveclosure and suitable pressure-relief safety device.die-cut, adj(1) a method of preparation in which a part orcontainer has been cut, slotted, and scored or any combi-nation of these by custom-made dies; (2) n, a part so made.expendable containera container for shipping or storage,or both, intended primarily for a single trip.face, nin packaging, any one of the plane surfaces of acontainer.fast pack containera standard