ASTM D996-2016 Standard Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments《包装与分销环境的标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: D996 10aD996 16Standard Terminology ofPackaging and Distribution Environments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe

2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThe terms and definitions in this standard are grouped

3、 into related areas under principal concepts.The broad descriptor term for each group is followed in alphabetical order by narrower terms andrelated terms. Cross-references are included where the concept group is not obvious.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of technical t

4、erms used in the packaging and distribution environments.Terms that are generally understood or adequately found in other readily available sources are not included.1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in discussions.1.3 Definitions that are identical to those p

5、ublished by another standards organization or ASTM committee are identified withthe name of the organization or ASTM committee.1.4 The definitions in this terminology are grouped into related areas under principal concepts. The broad discriptordescriptorterm for each group is followed in alphabetica

6、l order by narrower terms and related terms. Cross-references are included wherethe concept group is not obvious.1.5 Terminology related to flexible barrier packaging is found in Terminology F17.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C717 Terminology of Building Seals and SealantsD907 Terminolog

7、y of AdhesivesD1596 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging MaterialD3288 Test Methods for Magnet-Wire EnamelsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsF17 Terminology Relating to Flexible Barrier PackagingG15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing (Withdrawn 2

8、010)32.2 Federal Standard:PPP-F-320 Fiberboard, Corrugated and Solid, Sheet Stock (Container Grade), and Cut Shapes42.3 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rule 305National Motor Freight Classification61 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is t

9、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.11 on Terminology (definitions).Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010Nov. 1, 2016. Published January 2011November 2016. Originally approved in 1948 . Last previous edition approved in 2010 asD996 10.D996 10a. DOI: 10.1520/D0996-10A.10.1520/D0996-16.2 For

10、referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenc

11、ed on www.astm.org.4 Available from Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.5 Available from Uniform Classification Committee, 222 South Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.6 Available from National Classification Board, 2200 Mill Road, Alexandria, VA 22314.Th

12、is document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editi

13、ons as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminologyabsorbent packingSee packing .adhesi

14、ve, na substance capable of holding materials together by surface attachment.DISCUSSIONAdhesive is the general term and includes among others, cement, glue, mucilage, and paste.All of these terms are loosely used interchangeably. Variousdescriptive adjectives are applied to the term adhesive to indi

15、cate certain characteristics as follows: (1) Physical form, that is, liquid adhesive, tapeadhesive, (2) Chemical type, that is, silicate adhesive, resin adhesive, (3) Materials bonded, that is, paper adhesive, metal-plastic adhesive, can labeladhesive, and (4) Conditions of use, that is, hot-setting

16、 adhesive (D907, D14).contact adhesive, nan adhesive that is apparently dry to the touch and that will adhere to itself instantaneously upon contact;also called contact bond adhesive or dry bond adhesive (D907, D14).aerosol packageSee package .ampoule, na hermetically sealed, small bulbous glass or

17、plastic vessel. Opening is achieved by breaking the stem. (Alsoampuleor ampul.)anchor, vto secure firmly (Webster).anti-skid plateSee loading.available program, na qualifying term which can be used in the definition of recyclable, reusable, refillable, returnable,compostable, establishing limits; fo

18、r example, by population and access within geographic area.DISCUSSIONThis term is an essential component of recyclable, reusable, refillable, returnable, and compostable. Manufacturers should refer to FTC Guidelines toensure claims are not deceptive. Claims should be qualified with appropriate phras

19、es such as the following:“Recyclable where facilities exist. Check to see if recycling facilities exist in your community.”“Recyclable where facilities exist. Collection programs have been established in x % of the country. Check to determine if they exist in yourcommunity.”“Compostable in centraliz

20、ed facilities. Check to see if composting programs exist in your community.”“Compostable at home. May be composted in as part of your composting pile at home.”bag, na preformed container of tubular construction made of flexible material, generally enclosed on all sides except oneforming an opening t

21、hat may or may not be sealed after filling. (See also pouch.)DISCUSSIONA bag may be made of any flexible material, or multiple plies of the same, or combination of various flexible materials. The term bag is used as asynonym for sack, but the term sack generally refers to the heavier duty or shippin

22、g sacks. It is made in various standard styles and may be open-mouthor valve type. The five basic standard types of bags are: (1) grocery bag, (2) merchandise paper, ( 3) industrial, (4) textile, and (5) paper shipping sack.paper multiwall-sacka flexible container made of several plies, usually of k

23、raft paper. The various plies may be speciallytreated, such as waxed paper, glassine, greaseproof, polyethylene, wet strength paper, or other specialty sheets. The particularnature of the sack depends upon the material to be packed and the type of transportation to be employed.bag linerSee liner.bai

24、l, nthe usually arched handle of a pail or can.bale, nin packaging a shaped unit, bound with cord or metal ties under tension, and containing compressed articles or materials.It may be wrapped.bandingUse strapping .barrel, na bulged cylindrical container of greater length than breadth, made of woode

25、n staves bound together with hoops andhaving two flat ends of equal diameter. (Compare drum. )cask,na term used synonymously with barrel but usually of large size or capacity.keg,na small slack or tight barrel of 30-gal capacity or less.barrier material:grease-resistant barriera material that preven

26、ts or retards the transmission of grease or oils.water-resistant barriera material that retards the transmission of liquid water.water-vapor-resistant barriera material that retards the transmission of water vapor.D996 162basket, na semirigid container usually open at the top and provided with one o

27、r two handles for carrying. (Compare hamper.)DISCUSSIONA basket is sometimes made of thin strips of wood, woven or stapled, or otherwise bound together, or it may be made of fiberboard or combinationsof wood and fiber, or plastic. (See stave.(2)battenSee box.biodegradable, adjcapable of undergoing d

28、ecomposition into carbon dioxide, methane, water, inorganic compounds, or biomassin which the predominant mechanism is the enzymatic action of micro-organisms, that can be measured by standardized tests,in a specified period of time, reflecting available disposal conditions.blister packSee pack.bloc

29、kingSee loading.bodySee container.bottleSee container.bottomSee box.box, na rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing the contents. When this term is used in connection withfiberboard boxes, such fiber boxes must comply with all the requirements of the carrier rules. (See carton.)

30、bottom,nthe face of a box on which it usually rests while filling.DISCUSSIONIn terms of fiberboard shipping boxes, the face created by the flaps of regular (or similar style) slotted boxes are the top or bottom, regardless of loadingor stacking.box batten,na reinforcing member, (1) for a wood box in

31、ternally or externally applied to the sides, top and bottoms. Whenapplied externally it should be applied in pairs; (2) in a wirebound box, a batten is a reinforcement used on the ends of thecontainer only.cleated fiberboard boxa rigid container having five or six panel faces with wood strips fasten

32、ed to them, the panels beingmade of solid or corrugated fiberboard.cleated plywood boxa rigid container having five or six panel faces with wood strips fastened to them, the panels being madeof plywood.flange,nin fiberboard boxes, an extension to a panel similar to a short flap that may be folded in

33、 or out, usually at angles of90 or 180 to the panel.nailed wood boxa rigid container constructed of wood in several standard styles, assembled by fastening sides, top and bottomto the ends with nails or other suitable fasteners.skid boxa metal, wooden, or fiber box fastened to a platform raised on s

34、kid members or legs; it may or may not be collapsible.(See also skid.)wirebound boxa rigid container whose sides, top, and bottom are of rotary-cut lumber, sliced lumber, resawn lumber,fiberboard, or combinations thereof, usually 38 in. (9.5 mm) or less in thickness, fastened to cleats and to each o

35、ther by meansof binding wires and staples; and ends of similar material, plain or stapled to battens or liners, fastened in place by means of nailsor staples or wires stapled thereto.DISCUSSIONThe closure is made by twisting or looping together the ends of the binding wires.boxboardSee paperboard.br

36、acingSee loading.bubble packaging materiala material consisting of a flexible plastic film having uniformly spaced bubbles integrally moldedtherein.DISCUSSIONThese bubbles may or may not be permanently affixed to a separate backing film to either seal the air within the bubbles or to add dimensional

37、 stabilityto the structure. Bubble packaging is primarily used as a cushioning material.D996 163buffer, na material or device, such as folded up corrugated fiberboard, placed in a container to position and protect the contentsfrom the forces of impact.DISCUSSIONAbuffer is usually made of a cushionin

38、g, or compressible material. It may be made in a variety of styles such as spring buffer, rolled-up buffer, die-cut,and so forth. (See cushioning material.)bulk packagingsee packaging.bundle, ntwo or more articles held together with rope, wire, or strapping so as to form a shipping unit; it may be w

39、rapped.bung holein packaging, an opening in a barrel or drum through which material can be poured to fill, empty or vent.bursting strengthSee package testing.bursting strength testSee package testing.caliperSee package testing.can, nin packaging, a receptacle generally of 10-gal capacity or less, no

40、rmally not used as a shipping container.DISCUSSIONThe body is made of lightweight metal or is a composite of paperboard and other materials having the ends made of paperboard, metal, plastic, or acombination thereof.Cady testSee package testing.capSee container (cover).carboy, na container made of g

41、lass, ceramic, plastic, or metal, having a capacity of 5 to 15 gal (19 to 57 L) with the pouringand filling opening at the top.DISCUSSIONFor shipment, carboys are generally encased in a protective rigid outer container.carton, na folding box, generally made from boxboard for merchandising consumer q

42、uantities of products (for example, shelfpackages or prime packages).caseSee container.case linerSee liner.caskSee barrel.child-resistant packagingSee packaging.chime (chine), nin packaging, the rim of a container, such as a drum, barrel, or can.chipboardSee paperboard.cleat, na wood or metal strip

43、attached along the edge of a panel of a container for the attaching of an adjacent panel, or fastenedto the panel between the edges, or to barrel heads, for reinforcement and stiffening.cleated fiberboard boxSee box.cleated plywood boxSee box.closure, nin packaging, a means of closing a container to

44、 retain the contents.plug,nin packaging, a type of closure that is designed to be inserted into a container opening. It may be held by friction orby screw threads. (See cap.)cocoon, vin packaging, to employ strippable, usually plastic, sometimes multi-layered films to encapsulate an item.code, vto a

45、ssign numbers, letters, words, or symbols as identifying marks to containers, packaged materials, or articles toconvey information concerning the qualities of the container or its contents, date, place of manufacture, or other significantidentification. (Compare marking. )collapsible tubeSee paction

46、 ratio, nthe measurement of the relationship of volume displacement of a package before and after simulated landfillconditions as determined in standardized posite tubeSee tube.D996 164compostable, adjcapable of undergoing biological decomposition in a compost site as part of an available program, s

47、uch thatthe material (that is, feedstock) is not visually distinquishable and breaks down to carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds,and biomass, at a rate consistent with known compostable materials.DISCUSSIONSee available program for further clarification. Also, manufacturers should indicate if

48、 composting at home or centralized facility is appropriate.Conbur testSee package testing.constant loadSee load.contact adhesivesee adhesive .containera nonspecific term for a receptacle capable of closure (See also: bag, barrel, basket, box, can, carton, crate,cylinder, drum, envelope, hamper, pail

49、, tube.)body,nin packaging, the principal part of a container, usually the largest part in one piece containing the sides.bottle,na rigid or semirigid container typically of glass or plastic, having a comparatively narrow neck or mouth, and usuallyno handle (Webster).case,na nonspecific term for a shipping container. In domestic commerce, case usually refers to a box made from corrugatedor solid fiberboard wood, or metal.cover,nin packaging, the top or bottom, or both