1、Designation: D 2412 02An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermination of External Loading Characteristics of PlasticPipe by Parallel-Plate Loading1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforig
2、inal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of D
3、efense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of load-deflection characteristics of plastic pipe under parallel-plateloading.1.2 This test method covers thermoplastic resin pipe, rein-forced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), and reinforced poly-mer mortar pipe (RPMP).1.3 The characteri
4、stics determined by this test method arepipe stiffness, stiffness factor, and load at specific deflections.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.NOTE 1While this test method can be used in measuring the pi
5、pestiffness of corrugated plastic pipe or tubing, special conditions andprocedures are used. These details are included in the product standards,for example, Specification F 405.1.5 The text of this test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes
6、 (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
7、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlastics2D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlastics2D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Th
8、er-moplastic Pipe and Fittings3E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods4E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method4F 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipeand Fittings3F 412 Terminology Relating
9、 to Plastic Piping Systems33. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Definitions are in accordance with Termi-nology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Ter-minology D 1600, unless otherwise specified.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 Dymeasured change of the inside diameter
10、in thedirection of load application expressed in inches (millimetres).3.2.2 initial inside diameter (d)the average of the insidediameters as determined for the several test specimens andexpressed in inches (millimetres).3.2.3 load (F)the load applied to the pipe to produce agiven percentage deflecti
11、on. Expressed as newtons per metre orpounds-force per linear inch.3.2.4 mean radius (r)the mid-wall radius determined bysubtracting the average wall thickness from the average outsidediameter and dividing the difference by two. Expressed asinches (millimetres).3.2.5 pipe deflection (P)the ratio of t
12、he reduction in pipeinside diameter to the initial inside diameter expressed as thepercentage of the initial inside diameter.3.2.6 pipe significant events:3.2.6.1 liner cracking or crazingthe occurrence of a breakor network of fine breaks in the liner visible to the unaided eye.3.2.6.2 rupturea crac
13、k or break extending entirely orpartly through the pipe wall.NOTE 2The significant events listed may or may not occur in aspecific pipe material.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on TestM
14、ethods.Current edition approved Apr. 10, 2002. Published June 2002. Originallypublished as D 2412 65 T. Last previous edition D 2412 96a.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
15、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6.3 wall crackingthe occurence of a break in the pipewall visible to the unaided eye.3.2.6.4 wall delaminationthe occurrence of any separa-tion in the components of the pipe wall visible to the unaidedeye.3.2.7 pipe st
16、iffness (PS)the value obtained by dividing theforce per unit length of specimen by the resulting deflection inthe same units at the prescribed percentage deflection.3.2.8 stiffness factor (SF)the product of pipe stiffness andthe quantity 0.149 r3.3.2.9 DiscussionThe “pipe stiffness” and “stiffness f
17、ac-tor” are related as follows:PS 5 F/Dy (1)SF 5 EI 5 0.149 Fr3/Dy 5 0.149 r3PS! (2)NOTE 3See Appendix X2 for information relating PS, E, and Dy.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A short length of pipe is loaded between two rigidparallel flat plates at a controlled rate of approach to oneanother. Load-de
18、flection (of the pipe diameter) data are ob-tained. If cracking, crazing, delamination, or rupture occurs,the corresponding load and deflection are recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 The external loading properties of plastic pipe obtainedby this test method are used for the following:5.1.1 To dete
19、rmine the stiffness of the pipe. This is afunction of the pipe dimensions and the physical properties ofthe material of which the pipe is made.5.1.2 To determine the load-deflection characteristics andpipe stiffness which are used for engineering design (seeAppendix X1).5.1.3 To compare the characte
20、ristics of various plastics inpipe form.5.1.4 To study the interrelations of dimensions and deflec-tion properties of plastic pipe and conduit.5.1.5 To measure the deflection and load-resistance at any ofseveral significant events if they occur during the test.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineA proper
21、ly calibrated compressiontesting machine of the constant-rate-of-crosshead movementtype meeting the requirements of Test Method D 695 shall beused to make the tests. The rate of head approach shall be 0.506 0.02 in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.NOTE 4Hydraulic testing machines that may vary slightly from the
22、serate limits are commonly used and are satisfactory for testing RTRP andRPMP pipe 24-in. (610-mm) size and larger.6.2 Loading PlatesThe load shall be applied to thespecimen through two parallel steel bearing plates. The platesshall be flat, smooth, and clean. The thickness of the platesshall be suf
23、ficient so that no bending or deformation occursduring the test, but it shall not be less than 0.25 in. (6.0 mm).The plate length shall equal or exceed the specimen length andthe plate width shall not be less than the pipe contact width atmaximum pipe deflection plus 6.0 in. (150 mm).NOTE 5For some
24、types of testing machines a greater plate thicknessmay be required to limit plate bending.6.3 Deformation (Deflection) Indicator The change ininside diameter, or deformation parallel to the direction ofloading, shall be measured with a suitable instrument meetingthe requirements of Test Method D 695
25、, except that theinstrument shall be accurate to the nearest 0.010 in. (0.25 mm).The instrument shall not support the pipe test specimen or theplate or affect in any way the load deflection measurements.Changes in diameter are measured during loading by continu-ously recording plate travel or by per
26、iodically computing it.7. Test Specimens7.1 For thermoplastic pipe, the test specimen shall be apiece of pipe 6 618 in. (150 6 3 mm) long.7.2 For reinforced thermosetting resin pipe, the minimumtest specimen length shall be three times the nominal pipediameter or 12.0 in. (300 mm), whichever is smal
27、ler. For pipelarger than 60 in. (1524 mm) in diameter, the minimumspecimen length shall be 20 % of the nominal diameteradjusted to the nearest 1 in. (25.4 mm).7.3 The ends of specimens shall be cut square and shall befree of burrs and jagged edges.7.4 No less than three specimens shall be tested for
28、 eachsample of pipe.NOTE 6For quality control testing a single specimen may be usedwith the thinnest wall at the top.7.5 Certain RTRP pipes exhibit surface irregularity becausethe production process is inside diameter controlled. To assureaccurate test results by parallel-plate loading, the test spe
29、cimenmust be uniformly loaded along its entire bearing surface. Ifsurface irregularities (resin-rich areas) along the outside diam-eter prevent the bearing load from being uniformly distributedalong the length of the specimen, the outside surface along theloading line shall be sanded smooth by hand.
30、 This sandingshall only be done if the reinforcement is not damaged. Notethat sanding shall be done only along the plate contact lines.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition pipe for at least4hinair,atatemperature of73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C), and conduct the test in a roommaintained at the same temperature.8.2 Wh
31、en a referee test is required, condition specimens forat least 40 h at 73.4 6 3.6F (23 6 2C) and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity and conduct the test under the same conditions.9. Procedure9.1 Make the following measurements on each specimen:9.1.1 Determine the length of each specimen to the nearest132 in.
32、 (1 mm) or better, by making and averaging at least fourequally spaced measurements around the perimeter.9.1.2 Measure the wall thickness of each specimen inaccordance with Test Method D 2122. Make at least eightmeasurements equally spaced around one end and calculate theaverage wall thickness.9.1.3
33、 Determine whether a line of minimum wall thicknessexists along the length of the specimen and if so mark it for usein 9.2.1.D 2412 022NOTE 7On RTRP and RPMP pipe measurements may be made at bothends.9.1.4 Determine the average outside diameter to the nearest0.01 in. (0.2 mm) using a circumferential
34、 wrap tape or byaveraging the maximum and minimum outside diameters asmeasured with a micrometer or caliper.9.1.5 For OD-controlled pipe calculate the average pipeinside diameter (ID) by subtracting two times the average of allwall thicknesses (9.1.2) from the average of all outsidediameters (9.1.4)
35、. For ID-controlled pipe determine the aver-age ID by measuring the maximum and minimum insidediameters. Use this average ID as the basis for computing thepercentage of deflection for all specimens in that lot of pipe.9.2 Locate the pipe section with its longitudinal axis parallelto the bearing plat
36、es and center it laterally in the testingmachine.9.2.1 If an orientation of minimum wall thickness has beenfound, place the first specimen so the thinnest wall is at the topand rotate successive specimens 35 and 70. If no minimumwall thickness was identified, use any base line.9.3 With the deflectio
37、n indicator in place, bring the upperplate into contact with the specimen with no more load than isnecessary to hold it in place. This establishes the beginningpoint for subsequent deflection measurements.9.4 Compress the specimen at a constant rate of 0.50 6 0.02in. (12.5 6 0.5 mm)/min.NOTE 8For la
38、rger sizes of pipe made from relatively low-modulusmaterials, creep may affect the results of this test because of the loadingrate specified.9.5 Record load-deflection measurements continuously orintermittently with reference to the relative movement of thebearing plates. If measurements are made in
39、termittently, makeand record such measurements at increments of not more than5 % of the average inside diameter of the specimen. Refer toAnnex A1.9.6 Observe and note the load and deflection at the firstevidence of each of the following significant events when andif they occur:9.6.1 Liner cracking o
40、r crazing.9.6.2 Wall cracking.9.6.3 Wall delamination.9.6.4 Rupture.9.7 Record type and position of each event with respect tothe corresponding load and deflection. Discontinue the testwhen either of the following occur:9.7.1 The load on the specimen fails to increase withincreasing deflection (maxi
41、mum point on load-deflection plothas been reached).9.7.2 The specimen deflection reaches 30 % of the averageinside diameter or the required maximum deflection.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the pipe stiffness, PS, for any given deflec-tion as follows:PS 5 F/Dy lbf/in./in. kPa!(3)NOTE 9Refer to Append
42、ix X3 for additional information on units.10.2 When required, calculate the stiffness factor, SF, forany given deflection as follows:SF 5 0.149 r3PS in.3lbf/in.2Pa m3!(4)10.3 When required, calculate the percentage pipe deflec-tion, P, as follows:P 5Dy/d 3 100(5)11. Report11.1 Report the following i
43、nformation:11.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, includ-ing type, source, manufacturers code, previous history (ifany), and product identification by standard number.11.1.2 Dimensions of each specimen, including averageoutside diameter, average wall thickness, average inside diam-et
44、er, liner thickness and reinforcement thickness where appli-cable, and average length.11.1.3 Whether or not the outside diameter of the specimenwas sanded.11.1.4 Conditioning temperature, time, and environment.11.1.5 The load and deflection at which any of the followingevents occurred:11.1.5.1 Liner
45、 cracking or crazing,11.1.5.2 Wall cracking,11.1.5.3 Wall delamination, andTABLE 1 Pipe StiffnessPrecision StatisticsAMaterialDeflectionLevel, %Average SmeanSrBSRBr RStandardDeviation ofCell AveragesCRepeatabilityStandardDeviationCReproduce-abilityStandardDeviationCRepeatabilityLimit (95 %)CReproduc
46、e-abilityLimit (95 %)CA 2.5 772.3 54.95 84.69 101.0 237.1 282.7 7.11 11.0 13.1 30.7 36.6B 2.5 380.2 20.52 18.12 27.37 50.72 76.64 5.40 4.77 7.20 13.3 20.2C 2.5 463.9 79.07 57.82 97.96 161.9 274.3 17.0 12.5 21.1 34.9 59.1A 5.0 755.7 33.30 80.30 86.93 224.8 243.4 4.41 10.6 11.5 29.7 32.2B 5.0 356.1 19
47、.13 15.32 24.51 42.89 68.62 5.37 4.30 6.88 12.0 19.3C 5.0 419.4 37.80 27.74 46.89 77.68 131.3 9.01 6.61 11.2 18.5 31.3A 7.5 724.8 27.85 76.14 81.07 213.2 227.0 3.84 10.5 11.2 29.4 31.3B 7.5 332.6 16.87 13.94 21.88 39.02 61.27 5.07 4.19 6.58 11.7 18.4C 7.5 371.7 26.70 18.82 32.66 52.69 91.45 7.18 5.0
48、6 8.79 14.2 24.6ATerms are used as specified in Practice E 177.BSr= standard deviation of repeatability (variation of replicate samples by same laboratory).SR= standard deviation of reproducibility (variability between laboratory).CPrecision statistics as percent of average.D 2412 02311.1.5.4 Ruptur
49、e.11.1.6 The reason for terminating the test.11.1.7 If required, a plot on cartesian coordinates of the loadin pounds-force per inch (or newtons per metre) versusdeflection in inches (or millimetres) for each specimen tested.Each of the following occurrences shall be noted on the plotswhere applicable:11.1.7.1 Liner cracking or crazing,11.1.7.2 Wall cracking, and11.1.7.3 Wall delamination.11.1.8 Pipe stiffness, F/Dy, at 5 and 10 % deflection, foreach specimen. If any cracking, crazing, or delaminationoccurred below 5 % deflection, calculate pi
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