1、Designation: D 2463 95 (Reapproved 2005)Standard Test Method forDrop Impact Resistance of Blow-Molded ThermoplasticContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2463; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides measures of the drop impactresistance of blow-molded thermoplastic container
3、s as a sum-mation of the effects of material, manufacturing conditions,container design, and perhaps other factors.1.2 Three procedures are provided as follows:1.2.1 Procedure A, Static Drop Height MethodThis pro-cedure is particularly useful for quality control since it is quick.1.2.2 Procedure B,
4、Bruceton Staircase MethodThis pro-cedure is used to determine the mean failure height and thestandard deviation of the distribution.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivale
5、nt ISO standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use
6、.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 177 Practice for Chromium Electroplating on Steel forEngineering UseE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 Society of Plastics Industry Standard:PBI-4 Test for Drop Impact Resistance of Plasti
7、c Bottles33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 failureany rupture visible to an observer with theunaided eye and normal eyesight is considered a failure. Anyevidence of contained liquid on the outside of the containerthrough any aperture other than the molded opening is also afailure. Container shoul
8、d be squeezed gently after impact todetermine any pinhole type failures. If a cap pops off duringimpact, consider that sample as a NO TEST and replace thesample with another container.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The drop impact resistance is determined by droppingconditioned blow-molded containers
9、filled with water from aplatform onto a prescribed surface. Data developed with awater-filled container may not be representative of what mightbe expected with a carbonated liquid, an aerosol pack, aproduct of high specific gravity, or a powder of low bulkdensity.4.1.1 Procedure A consists of droppi
10、ng at least 20 contain-ers from a fixed height and reporting the percent failures.4.1.2 Procedure B consists of dropping at least 20 testcontainers from varying heights above and below the meanfailure height of the set. A mean failure height and standarddeviation are then calculated from the data.5.
11、 Significance and Use5.1 These procedures provide measures of the drop impactresistance of the group or lot of blown containers from whichthe test specimens were selected.5.2 These procedures may be used for routine inspectionpurposes.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20
12、on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic Products.Current edition approved July 15, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2463 - 95 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
13、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., 1295 K Street, N.W.,Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM Inter
14、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 These procedures will evaluate the effect of construc-tion, materials, and processing conditions on the impactresistance of the blown containers.5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, referencesho
15、uld be made to the specification of the material being tested.Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, ortesting parameters, or combination thereof, covered in thematerials specification shall take precedence over those men-tioned in this test method. If there are no material specifi
16、ca-tions, then the default conditions apply.6. Apparatus6.1 Drop Testing Machine4(see Fig. 1), having the follow-ing features:6.1.1 A platform (see Fig. 2) upon which to set the testspecimens, which can be raised or lowered either manually orby means of an electric motor.6.1.2 The platform shall be
17、adjustable so that it may beleveled but shall also be stable so that it will not tilt under theweight of the test specimen.6.1.3 The platform shall be spring-loaded so that uponrelease it will move rapidly out of the path of the test specimenand will not interfere with its fall.6.1.4 A manually or e
18、lectrically operated platform releasemechanism that will hold the platform securely when beingloaded but will release the platform instantaneously and willnot interfere with its path of travel.6.2 A surface on which the containers are dropped consist-ing of a flat hot-rolled steel plate, or equivale
19、nt, with minimumdimensions of 1000 mm by 1000 mm by 13 mm (36 in. by 36in. by12 in.) having an unpolished chrome-plated surface,plated in accordance with Practice B 177, and securely at-tached to an industrial concrete surface or floor, so that the lineof drop of the containers is perpendicular to t
20、he chrome-platedsurface.6.3 A means of measuring the height of the platform abovethe impact surface.NOTE 2If a more stringent impact test is desired, a positioning jigcapable of holding a test container at the proper angle for a 45 angleimpact may be securely fastened to the platform. When such a ji
21、g is used,the drop height must be measured from the lowest part of the container.Precision data are not available for testing under these conditions.7. Test Specimens7.1 A minimum of 20 containers shall be selected so theyare representative of the lot being tested for any one of the testprocedures.
22、These shall be fitted with suitable closures.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Periodically, or before each test series, the platform ofthe drop impact machine may need to be adjusted to ensure thatthe specimen will strike the impact area squarely on the desiredsurface. If this is necessary, use the fo
23、llowing procedure:8.1.1 Move the platform to the approximate mean failureheight of the containers to be tested with a specimen on theplatform in the desired position.8.1.2 Release the platform allowing the specimen to fallonto the impact surface.8.1.3 Take a snapshot picture of the container just be
24、fore itstrikes the impact surface. Two photographs shall be taken atright angles to each other to ascertain that the container impactsas desiredfront to back and side to side. The position of thecontainer relative to the impact surface as it appears in thephotographs will indicate whether or not adj
25、ustments in theplatform are necessary.NOTE 3The camera should be set up approximately 300 mm (12 in.)4Suitable equipment may be purchased from Custom Scientific Instruments,Inc., 13 Wing Drive, Whippany, NJ 07981. Detail drawings of this apparatus areavailable at a nominal cost from ASTM. Order Adju
26、nct: ADJD2463.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Dropping ContainersFIG. 2 Platform AssemblyD 2463 95 (2005)2above and 1800 mm (72 in.) from the impact area.NOTE 4The camera from which prints are immediately available ismost suitable.8.1.4 Make adjustments in the platform and repeat theprocedure as specified in 8
27、.1.3 as necessary.8.1.5 With certain drop testing machines, it may also benecessary to check the position at impact both above and belowthe approximate mean failure height.9. Conditioning9.1 Fill containers with tap water to their nominal fillcapacity and condition them uncapped for 24 h at 23 6 2C
28、(736 3.6F).9.2 If the test is intended for immediate quality control, fillthe containers with room temperature water and test at thattemperature. A correlation shall have been previously devel-oped by the testing laboratory between this type of test and thatrequiring 24-h conditioning.NOTE 5Conditio
29、ning temperatures other than 23 6 2C may be usedif desired, provided such conditioning is reported and adequate precau-tions are taken to ensure the containers are at that temperature duringtesting.10. Procedure10.1 Procedure A:10.1.1 Set the platform at the test height of interest.10.1.2 Drop at le
30、ast 20 containers individually recordingfailures and non-failures.10.2 Procedure B:10.2.1 This procedure, used to determine the mean failureheight of the test specimens, is called the “Up and Down” orBruceton Staircase Method. It consists of dropping a set of testspecimens from various heights, the
31、drop height being raised orlowered depending on the result obtained on the specimen mostrecently tested; that is, if the previous specimen failed, the dropheight is lowered; if the previous specimen did not fail, thedrop height is raised.10.2.2 Drop the first test container from 300 mm (12 in.)below
32、 the expected mean failure height. If the mean failureheight is unknown several trial samples shall be tested by wayof the staircase procedure to obtain at least two failures and twonon-failures to establish the starting height.10.2.3 If the first test container dropped did not fail, drop thesecond
33、container from a height of 300 mm (12 in.) higher. Ifthe first container failed, drop the second container from aheight of 300 mm (12 in.) lower.10.2.4 Continue the testing until a minimum of 20 testcontainers have been dropped, raising or lowering the platformone interval (300 mm (12 in.) depending
34、 on the resultsobtained on the most recently tested container.10.2.5 Record the drop height and the results (failed or didnot fail) on each container tested.10.2.6 The increment in height of drop may be more or lessthan 300 mm (12 in.). In such cases, the appropriate incrementmust be reported and us
35、ed in the calculations in 11.2.11. Calculations11.1 Procedure A:11.1.1 The percentage failures is calculated as follows:Failure, % 5 X/N! 3 100where:X = number of failures, andN = number of containers tested.11.2 Procedure B (see X1.1 and Table X1.2 for clarifica-tion):11.2.1 Mean Failure HeightCalc
36、ulate the mean failureheight from the test data obtained from Procedure B as follows:h 5 ho1 dA/N! 6 where:h = mean failure height,d = increment in height of drop,N = number of failures or non-failures whichever is lesser,ho= lowest height at which any one of N occurs, andA = (i 5 oi2kiniwhere ho, h
37、1, h2, h3, etc., are the heights inprogressive order of magnitude in the range of heightswhere N occurs, i is the subscript of h, and n is thenumber of failures or non-failures, whichever is per-tinent at the level of i. The negative sign is used in theparentheses to calculate h when N refers to fai
38、luresand the positive sign when N is the number ofnon-failures.11.2.2 Standard DeviationCalculate the estimated devia-tion of the individual measurements from:s 5 1.620dNB 2 A2N21 0.029where:d, N, and A are as in 11.2.1 andB 5 (i 5 oi 5 ki2ni12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 A c
39、omplete description of the containers testedincluding size, style, material, method of processing, weight,date of manufacture, lot number, and any other informationthat would be important.12.1.2 Description of contents if other than water, condi-tioning period, and temperature if other than 23 6 2C
40、(73 63.6F).12.1.3 The number of containers tested.12.1.4 The test procedure used and the following:12.1.4.1 For Procedure A:(1) Percentage of failures and the drop height.12.1.4.2 For Procedure B:(1) Calculated mean failure height,(2) Estimated standard deviation,(3) Increment in height of drop,(4)
41、Lowest drop height at which a container failed, and(5) Highest drop height at which a container did not fail.NOTE 6(4) and (5) of 12.1.4.2 indicate the range over which thecontainers were tested.D 2463 95 (2005)313. Precision and Bias513.1 An interlaboratory study was conducted using PVCbottles from
42、 one manufacturer. The average between-laboratory coefficients of variation were as follows:Procedure A 46%Procedure B 38%Procedure C 20%13.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted using PEbottles from one manufacturer. The average between-laboratory coefficient of variation using Procedure B was 16
43、 %.13.3 An interlaboratory study (seven laboratories) was con-ducted by the Test Methods Subcommittee of the PlasticsBottle Institute of the Society of the Plastics Industry using onesize of PVC bottles and two sizes of PE bottles.The testing wasconducted as described in Technical Bulletin PBI-4. Th
44、eprocedure in PBI-4 is equivalent to Procedure A of this testmethod. The results are as follows:Bottle,ozMate-rialDropHeight,ftValues expressed as % FailedBased on 20 BottlesAverage S(r) S(R) I(r) I(R)7.5 PVC 4 41.1 13.6 15.2 38.6 43.064 HDPE 5 65.5 11.3 22.1 31.9 62.5128 HDPE 6 33.8 7.7 12.8 21.8 3
45、6.2S(r) is the pooled within laboratory standard deviation of the average of 20determinations. S(R)is the total among laboratory standard deviation of the av-erage of 20 determinations. I(r) = 2.83 S(r), andI(R) = 2.83 S(R). The data wasanalyzed using Practice E 691. Other materials or bottles, or b
46、oth, may givesomewhat different results.NOTE 7The above values are greatly influenced by testing bottlesmade in several cavities as if they came from a singles population that hasbeen found, in many cases, not to be true. Therefore, if bottles from onlyone cavity are tested, the repeatability is exp
47、ected to be considerablylower than the above values.14. Keywords14.1 blow-molded containers; drop impact; plasticcontainersAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SAMPLE CALCULATIONSX1.1 Procedure BX1.1.1 Test results and calculations can be done as in TableX1.1.5The round-robin data may be obtained f
48、romASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-1045.D 2463 95 (2005)4FIG. X1.1 Cumulative Mean Failure Height by the Graphic MethodTABLE X1.1 Procedure BDropHeight,ftOutcome of Test(X = failure; 0 = non-failure)nxnoi niinii2ni1234567891011213141516171819205 0 0 0 0 0 4 . . . .60XX00 0 XX4 04007X X X 21448X 8T
49、otals 10 (Nx)10(No) . 10 (N)8(A)12(B)Ten failed and ten did not fail so either failures or non-failures may be used in the calculation. This illustration has been based on failures (negative sign used).ho=6,N = Nx= 10, d =1h = ho+ d (A/N 1/2)h =6+1(8/101/2)=6.3fts = 1.62d(NBA2/N2) + 0.029)s = (1.62)(1) (10) (12) (8) (8)/(10) (10) + 0.029) = 0.95 ftTABLE X1.2 Procedure CHeight ofDrop, ftNumberFailingPercentFailingCumulative% Failing3 3 15 154 2 10 255 3 15 406 4 20 607 5 25 858 3 15 100D 2463 95 (2005)5ASTM International takes no position respecti
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