1、Designation: D2463 10aStandard Test Method forDrop Impact Resistance of Blow-Molded ThermoplasticContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2463; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides measures of the drop impactresistance of blow-molded thermoplastic containers as a sum-mation of
3、 the effects of material, manufacturing conditions,container design, and perhaps other factors.1.2 Three procedures are provided as follows:1.2.1 Procedure A, Static Drop Height MethodThis pro-cedure is particularly useful for quality control since it is quick.1.2.2 Procedure B, Bruceton Staircase M
4、ethodThis pro-cedure is used to determine the mean failure height and thestandard deviation of the distribution.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1
5、.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Do
6、cuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2B177 Guide for Engineering Chromium ElectroplatingE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 Society of Plastics Industry Standard:PBI-4 Test for Drop Impact Resistance of Plastic Bottles33. Terminology3.1 Definition
7、s:3.1.1 failureany rupture visible to an observer with theunaided eye and normal eyesight is considered a failure. Anyevidence of contained liquid on the outside of the containerthrough any aperture other than the molded opening is also afailure. Container should be squeezed gently after impact tode
8、termine any pinhole type failures. If a cap pops off duringimpact, consider that sample as a NO TEST and replace thesample with another container.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The drop impact resistance is determined by droppingconditioned blow-molded containers filled with water from aplatform onto
9、a prescribed surface. Data developed with awater-filled container are not always representative of whatmight be expected with a carbonated liquid, an aerosol pack, aproduct of high specific gravity, or a powder of low bulkdensity.4.1.1 Procedure A consists of dropping at least 20 contain-ers from a
10、fixed height and reporting the percent failures.4.1.2 Procedure B consists of dropping at least 20 testcontainers from varying heights above and below the meanfailure height of the set. A mean failure height and standarddeviation are then calculated from the data.5. Significance and Use5.1 These pro
11、cedures provide measures of the drop impactresistance of the group or lot of blown containers from whichthe test specimens were selected.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Molded and ExtrudedProducts.
12、Current edition approved May 15, 2010. Published June 2010. Originallyapproved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2463 - 10. DOI:10.1520/D2463-10A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Boo
13、k of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Society of the Plastics Industry, Inc., 1295 K Street, N.W.,Washington, DC 20005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
14、959, United States.5.2 It is acceptable to use these procedures for routineinspection purposes.5.3 These procedures will evaluate the effect of construc-tion, materials, and processing conditions on the impactresistance of the blown containers.5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference t
15、hespecification of the material being tested. Any test specimenpreparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, orcombination thereof, covered in the materials specificationshall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method.If there are no material specifications, then the d
16、efault condi-tions apply.6. Apparatus6.1 Drop Testing Machine (see Fig. 1), having the followingfeatures:6.1.1 A platform (see Fig. 2) upon which to set the testspecimens, which can be raised or lowered either manually orby means of an electric motor.6.1.2 The platform shall be adjustable to make it
17、 suitable forbeing leveled but shall also be stable so that it will not tilt underthe weight of the test specimen.6.1.3 The platform shall be spring-loaded so that uponrelease it will move rapidly out of the path of the test specimenand will not interfere with its fall.6.1.4 A manually or electrical
18、ly operated platform releasemechanism that will hold the platform securely when beingloaded but will release the platform instantaneously and willnot interfere with its path of travel.6.2 A surface on which the containers are dropped consist-ing of a flat hot-rolled steel plate, or equivalent, with
19、minimumdimensions of 1000 mm by 1000 mm by 13 mm (36 in. by 36in. by12 in.) having an unpolished chrome-plated surface,plated in accordance with Practice B177, and securely attachedto an industrial concrete surface or floor, so that the line of dropof the containers is perpendicular to the chrome-pl
20、ated surface.6.3 A means of measuring the height of the platform abovethe impact surface.6.3.1 If a more stringent impact test is desired, securelyfasten a positioning jig capable of holding a test container atthe proper angle for a 45 angle impact to the platform. Whensuch a jig is used, the drop h
21、eight must be measured from thelowest part of the container. Precision data are not available fortesting under these conditions.7. Test Specimens7.1 A minimum of 20 containers shall be selected so theyare representative of the lot being tested for any one of the testprocedures. These shall be fitted
22、 with suitable closures.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Periodically, or before each test series, check the plat-form of the drop impact machine, and adjust it if necessary, toensure that the specimen will strike the impact area squarely onthe desired surface. If this is necessary, use the followingp
23、rocedure:8.1.1 Move the platform to the approximate mean failureheight of the containers to be tested with a specimen on theplatform in the desired position.8.1.2 Release the platform allowing the specimen to fallonto the impact surface.8.1.3 Take a snapshot picture of the container just before itst
24、rikes the impact surface. Two photographs shall be taken atright angles to each other to ascertain that the container impactsas desiredfront to back and side to side. The position of thecontainer relative to the impact surface as it appears in thephotographs will indicate whether or not adjustments
25、in theplatform are necessary.8.1.3.1 When photographs are taken, set up the cameraapproximately 300 mm (12 in.) above and 1800 mm (72 in.)from the impact area.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Dropping ContainersFIG. 2 Platform AssemblyD2463 10a2NOTE 2Acamera from which prints are immediately available is mostsu
26、itable.8.1.4 Make adjustments in the platform and repeat theprocedure as specified in 8.1.3 as necessary.9. Conditioning9.1 Fill containers with tap water to their nominal fillcapacity and condition them uncapped for 24 h at 23 6 2C (736 3.6F).9.2 If the test is intended for immediate quality contro
27、l, fillthe containers with room temperature water and test at thattemperature. A correlation shall have been previously devel-oped by the testing laboratory between this type of test and thatrequiring 24-h conditioning.9.2.1 It is acceptable to use conditioning temperatures otherthan 23 6 2C if desi
28、red, provided such conditioning isreported and adequate precautions are taken to ensure thecontainers are at that temperature during testing.10. Procedure10.1 Procedure A:10.1.1 Set the platform at the test height of interest.10.1.2 Drop at least 20 containers individually recordingfailures and non-
29、failures.10.2 Procedure B:10.2.1 This procedure, used to determine the mean failureheight of the test specimens, is called the “Up and Down” orBruceton Staircase Method. It consists of dropping a set of testspecimens from various heights, the drop height being raised orlowered depending on the resul
30、t obtained on the specimen mostrecently tested; that is, if the previous specimen failed, the dropheight is lowered; if the previous specimen did not fail, thedrop height is raised.10.2.2 Drop the first test container from 300 mm (12 in.)below the expected mean failure height. If the mean failurehei
31、ght is unknown several trial samples shall be tested by wayof the staircase procedure to obtain at least two failures and twonon-failures to establish the starting height.10.2.3 If the first test container dropped did not fail, drop thesecond container from a height of 300 mm (12 in.) higher. Ifthe
32、first container failed, drop the second container from aheight of 300 mm (12 in.) lower.10.2.4 Continue the testing until a minimum of 20 testcontainers have been dropped, raising or lowering the platformone interval (300 mm (12 in.) depending on the resultsobtained on the most recently tested conta
33、iner.10.2.5 Record the drop height and the results (failed or didnot fail) on each container tested.10.2.6 If the increment in height of drop is different from300 mm (12 in.), the appropriate increment must be reportedand used in the calculations in 11.2.11. Calculations11.1 Procedure A:11.1.1 The p
34、ercentage failures is calculated as follows:Failure, % 5 X/N! 3 100where:X = number of failures, andN = number of containers tested.11.2 Procedure B (see X1.1 and Table X1.2 for clarifica-tion):11.2.1 Mean Failure HeightCalculate the mean failureheight from the test data obtained from Procedure B as
35、 follows:h 5 ho1 dA/N! 6 where:h = mean failure height,d = increment in height of drop,N = number of failures or non-failures whichever is lesser,ho= lowest height at which any one of N occurs, andA = (i 5 oi2kiniwhere ho, h1, h2, h3, etc., are the heights inprogressive order of magnitude in the ran
36、ge of heightswhere N occurs, i is the subscript of h, and n is thenumber of failures or non-failures, whichever is per-tinent at the level of i. The negative sign is used in theparentheses to calculate h when N refers to failuresand the positive sign when N is the number ofnon-failures.11.2.2 Standa
37、rd DeviationCalculate the estimated devia-tion of the individual measurements from:s 5 1.620dNB 2 A2N21 0.029where:d, N, and A are as in 11.2.1 andB 5 (i 5 oi 5 ki2ni12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 A complete description of the containers testedincluding size, style, material,
38、 method of processing, weight,date of manufacture, lot number, and any other informationthat would be important.12.1.2 Description of contents if other than water, condi-tioning period, and temperature if other than 23 6 2C (73 63.6F).12.1.3 The number of containers tested.12.1.4 The test procedure
39、used and the following:12.1.4.1 For Procedure A:(1) Percentage of failures and the drop height.12.1.4.2 For Procedure B:(1) Calculated mean failure height,(2) Estimated standard deviation,(3) Increment in height of drop,(4) Lowest drop height at which a container failed, and(5) Highest drop height a
40、t which a container did not fail.NOTE 3(4) and (5) of 12.1.4.2 indicate the range over which thecontainers were tested.13. Precision and Bias413.1 An interlaboratory study was conducted using PVCbottles from one manufacturer. The average between-laboratory coefficients of variation were as follows:4
41、The round-robin data may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters. RequestRR:D20-1045.D2463 10a3Procedure A46%Procedure B38%Procedure C20%13.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted using PEbottles from one manufacturer. The average between-laboratory coefficient of variation using Procedure B was 16 %.13
42、.3 An interlaboratory study (seven laboratories) was con-ducted by the Test Methods Subcommittee of the PlasticsBottle Institute of the Society of the Plastics Industry using onesize of PVC bottles and two sizes of PE bottles.The testing wasconducted as described in Technical Bulletin PBI-4. Theproc
43、edure in PBI-4 is equivalent to Procedure A of this testmethod. The results are as follows:Bottle,ozMate-rialDropHeight,ftValues expressed as % FailedBased on 20 BottlesAverage S(r) S(R) I(r) I(R)7.5 PVC 4 41.1 13.6 15.2 38.6 43.064 HDPE 5 65.5 11.3 22.1 31.9 62.5128 HDPE 6 33.8 7.7 12.8 21.8 36.2S(
44、r) is the pooled within laboratory standard deviation of the average of 20determinations. S(R)is the total among laboratory standard deviation of the av-erage of 20 determinations. I(r) = 2.83 S(r), andI(R) = 2.83 S(R). The data wasanalyzed using Practice E691. It is possible that other materials or
45、 bottles, orboth, will give somewhat different results.NOTE 4The above values are greatly influenced by testing bottlesmade in several cavities as if they came from a singles population that hasbeen found, in many cases, not to be true. Therefore, if bottles from onlyone cavity are tested, the repea
46、tability is expected to be considerablylower than the above values.14. Keywords14.1 blow-molded containers; drop impact; plasticcontainersAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SAMPLE CALCULATIONSX1.1 Procedure BX1.1.1 Test results and calculations can be done as in TableX1.1.D2463 10a4FIG. X1.1 Cumu
47、lative Mean Failure Height by the Graphic MethodTABLE X1.1 Procedure BDropHeight,ftOutcome of Test(X = failure; 0 = non-failure)nxnoi niinii2ni1234567891011213141516171819205 0 0 0 0 0 4 . . . .60XX00 0 XX4 04007X X X 21448X 8Totals 10 (Nx)10(No) . 10 (N)8(A)12(B)Ten failed and ten did not fail so e
48、ither failures or non-failures may be used in the calculation. This illustration has been based on failures (negative sign used).ho=6,N = Nx= 10, d =1h = ho+ d (A/N 1/2)h =6+1(8/101/2)=6.3fts = 1.62d(NBA2/N2) + 0.029)s = (1.62)(1) (10) (12) (8) (8)/(10) (10) + 0.029) = 0.95 ftTABLE X1.2 Procedure CH
49、eight ofDrop, ftNumberFailingPercentFailingCumulative% Failing3 3 15 154 2 10 255 3 15 406 4 20 607 5 25 858 3 15 100D2463 10a5ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
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