1、Designation: D2494 02 (Reapproved 2010)1Standard Test Method forCommercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or ManufacturedStaple Fiber or Tow1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe Terminology section was updated editorially in September 2010.1. Scope1.1 This test method provi
3、des a measurement of the com-mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staplefiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fibertypes except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and sliversof all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast;and (3) manufactured
4、fibers or tow, except glass and otherfibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).NOTE 1For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous mate-rials, refer to Practice D2720.1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use inacceptance testing rather than production control. man
5、ufac-tured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial“mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than eachshipment to a customer.1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one ofthree options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and s
6、o forth, using commer-cial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn,staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moistureregain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn,staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowanceagreed upon between the purcha
7、ser and the supplier in thecalculations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the
8、 user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD1909 Standard T
9、able of Commercial Moisture Regains forTextile FibersD2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight andYield of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-mercial CompositionsD3333 Practice for Samp
10、ling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers2.2 AATCC Standard:150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Launderingof Woven Garments33. Terminology3.1 For definitions of yarns and fibers textile terms in thistest method, refer to Terminology
11、 D4849. For other textileterms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.3.2 commercial allowance (CA), n3.3 commercial mass, n3.3.1 DiscussionThe basis for determining the commer-cial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers isgenerally one of the following:(1) CAS Basis (commerc
12、ial allowance with scoured mate-rial)(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scouredmaterial)(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture regain with un-scoured material)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.5
13、8 on Yarns and Fibers.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallypublished as D2494 66 T. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2494 02.DOI: 10.1520/D2494-02R101.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service
14、 at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(4) UN Basis (unadjusted net)3.4 commercial moisture regain, (CMR), n4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Representative specimens from a shipment are dried,weighed, and, in some cases, scoured and weighed again. Fromthe net mass o
16、f the shipment and the masses of the specimensbefore and after treatment, commercial mass of the shipment iscalculated using one of the following options:4.1.1 Option ICMRU basis treatment consists of dryingonly. Commercial mass includes finishes and a correction forcommercial moisture regain.4.1.2
17、Option IICMRS basis treatment consists of scour-ing and drying. Commercial mass excludes scourables butincludes a correction for commercial moisture regain.4.1.3 Option IIICAS basis treatment consists of scouringand drying. Commercial mass includes a correction for com-mercial allowance.4.1.4 Option
18、 IVUN basis requires no samples and notreatment. Commercial mass equals the net mass of theshipment without adjustment for scourables or moisture.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a refereemethod for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarnor manufac
19、tured staple fibers.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, use the sampl
20、es for such a com-parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn fromthe same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparateresults during initial testing and randomly assigned in equalnumbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-tories involved should be compare
21、d using a statistical test forunpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found andcorrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Option I is generally used to calculat
22、e the commercialmass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. Whenmaterials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for thefiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.5.3 Option II is generally used to calculate the commercialmass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (exce
23、ptsome producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, andtows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiberremaining after fiber lubricants and processing aids are re-moved.5.4 Option III is in common use in other countries, particu-larly in Europe.5.5 Option IV is in common use with
24、yarns made of wool orwool blends and some aramids.5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or anothermethod of testing gives the same results, or results that have aconstant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, thatmethod may be used for routine testing of known productionbut shou
25、ld not be substituted for a scour on new or unknownmaterial. For the determination of extractable matter, refer toTest Method D2257.5.6.1 When the finish is not removable by a water scour, asolvent extraction may be substituted on agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier.5.7 Under certain cir
26、cumstances, samples taken from yarnsand manufactured staple fibers and tows can change moisturecontent rapidly. For this reason, very careful planning andhandling of samples are required to prevent major biases incommercial mass results.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Washing Machine,3automatic home-ty
27、pe, of the makeand model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalentwashing machine.6.2 Soft Water (10 ppm or less calcium carbonate hardness)for hot setting of washer controlled for 60 to 65C.6.3 Bags,4made from polyester yarn, of a stable construc-tion, such as a leno weave, which have been pr
28、eviously scouredand which have a known oven-dry mass. Each bag shall belarge enough to permit the test specimen to be sufficientlyporous to permit free access of the scouring solution to thespecimen. The bag should have an adequate closure to preventfiber loss.6.4 Automatic Dryer,3automatic home-typ
29、e, of the makeand model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent,(optional).6.5 Drying Oven, ventilated and capable of controlling thetemperature in the range of 105 6 3C. The oven shall besupplied with a current of air sufficient to change the air onceevery 4 min. The specimens shall be prot
30、ected from directradiation of the heating units. Air supplied to the oven shall beat standard atmospheric conditions for testing textiles. Theoven may be provided with facilities for cutting off the aircurrent and weighing the specimens without removing themfrom the oven.6.6 Scale, with a capacity a
31、nd sensitivity sufficient to weighbeams, bales, cases, or other shipping units within 0.1 % oftheir gross mass and maintained according to National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST) criteria.56.7 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 % of the mass of thespecimens being tested and maintained
32、 according to NISTcriteria.5These requirements apply both to balances built intoovens and to free-standing devices.6.8 Weighing Cans, with tight-fitting lids of sufficient size tohold the bag and specimen (required only if weighings aremade outside the oven).6.9 Desiccator(s), of sufficient size to
33、hold the weighingcans (required only if weighings are made outside the oven).4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Mar Mac Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 278. McBee, SC 29101. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM H
34、eadquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.5“Specifications, Tolerances and Other Technical Requirements for CommercialWeighing Devices,” NBS Handbook No. 44 , 1977, may be obtained from theNational Institute
35、of Standards and Technology, Washington, DC 20234.D2494 02 (2010)126.10 Desiccant, silica gel or equivalent, if desiccators areused.6.11 High Cloud Point Nonionic Detergent,6as agreedupon between the purchaser and the supplier.7. Procedure7.1 Shipment MassWeigh, intact, each shipping unit (baleor ca
36、se) in the shipment to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass.NOTE 2The gross mass and the tare mass should be obtained onmaterials at equilibrium with the same ambient conditions, which areoften not the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Also, for thisprocedure, the tare should be determined from act
37、ual weighings and notfrom values supplied by the supplier.7.2 Lot SampleTake a lot sample as directed in theapplicable material specifications, or as agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the supplier, or in their absence as directed inPractice D2258 for yarn or Practice D3333 for staple fiber.Treat
38、sliver (or top) and tow as staple for lot sampling. Thesame units selected for product samples will also be used fortare samples. The lot sample must be representative of theshipment and must be taken at random from the variousshipping units.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between
39、 thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account variability betweenshipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, andbetween specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling planwith a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable qualitylevel, and li
40、miting quality level.7.3 Laboratory SamplesTake laboratory samples repre-sentative of the shipment as directed as follows. Save all loosepackaging materials (wrappings, strappings, and separators)from each lot sample unit for tare weighing. Sample the lot asquickly as possible to reflect accurately
41、the moisture level inthe lot. Place samples in airtight containers for subsequentweighing.7.3.1 YarnTake at least 20 unit packages from randomplaces within the different shipping units forming the lotsample as directed in Practice D2258. Use a prearranged planfor random sampling to save time in taki
42、ng the packages fromthe shipping units. Enclose each unit package in a separateairtight container until the specimens are removed.7.3.1.1 Sampling beams of yarn for verification of commer-cial mass presents unique problems which are left to theagreement of the purchaser and the supplier.7.3.2 Staple
43、, Sliver or Top, and TowTake laboratorysamples from each laboratory sampling unit as directed inPractice D3333.7.4 External TareCollect, without delay, all packagingmaterials which were part of the lot sample and which wereassociated with the shipping units. Supports for individualpackages will be d
44、ealt with in 7.6. Weigh the external tarematerial for each lot sample unit to 0.1 % of its mass. (SeeNote 3).7.5 SpecimensWithout delay, prepare specimens as di-rected in 7.5.1 or 7.5.2. Save all yarn supports which were partof the laboratory sample.7.5.1 YarnTake two 5-g bits of yarn from each of a
45、t least20 packages that form the laboratory sample. Immediately puteach bit into one of two airtight containers and close thecontainer after obtaining each bit. (Each container will containbits from 20 packages.) With the exception of lots shipped onbeams, take the yarn from random locations within
46、the pack-ages. Prepare representative specimens each weighing approxi-mately 100 g. Do not wind or reel yarn being taken forspecimens. Keep the hands dry and handle the yarn (bothpackages and specimens) as little as possible. Select one of thespecimens for testing; set the other aside for any confir
47、matorytests which may be required.7.5.1.1 Preparation of specimens from beams is left to theagreement of the purchaser and the supplier.7.5.2 Staple, Sliver, Top, TowTreat each of the laboratorysamples as a specimen. Select one of each pair of specimensfor testing and set the other aside for confirm
48、atory testing, ifrequired.7.6 Internal TareCollect, without delay, all yarn supportswhich were part of the laboratory sample and weigh each to0.1 % of its mass.7.7 Specimen Mass, MWithout delay, weigh each spec-imen to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass, after removing from thecontainer.7.8 BaggingPlace
49、the specimens in the bags and close thebags securely.7.9 Drying and WeighingDry and weigh the specimens(N) to determine the dry mass as directed in 7.9.1 or 7.9.2.7.9.1 Oven Equipped with BalancePlace the bags con-taining the specimens in the drying oven. Dry each specimen at105 6 3C until it loses no more than 0.1 % of its mass whenheated for 30-min intervals.7.9.2 Oven Not Equipped with BalancePlace the baggedspecimens and tared weighing cans in the oven. Dry eachspecimen at 105 6 3C for 60 min. Quickly place the specimenin its weighing can and
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