1、Designation: D2494 13Standard Test Method forCommercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or ManufacturedStaple Fiber or Tow1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the com-mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staplefibe
3、r or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fibertypes except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and sliversof all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast;and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and otherfibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note
4、1).NOTE 1For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrousmaterials, refer to Practice D2720.1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use inacceptance testing rather than production control. manufac-tured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial“mass” of product on an on-going
5、 basis rather than eachshipment to a customer.1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one ofthree options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commer-cial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn,stap
6、le fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moistureregain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn,staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a defined allowance in thecalculations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are includ
7、ed in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
8、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD1909 Standard Table of Commercial Moisture Regains forTextile FibersD2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Tes
9、tingD2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight andYield of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-mercial CompositionsD3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning SystemsD3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
10、D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers2.2 AATCC Standard:150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Launderingof Woven Garments33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 commercial mass, nbilled mass (weight) as deter-mined by a generally accepted method or as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and th
11、e seller.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe basis for determining the commer-cial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers isgenerally one of the following:(1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring bydefinite prescribed methods plus the ma
12、ss corresponding to itscommercial allowance.(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scouredmaterial)the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn
13、s and Fibers.Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originallypublished as D2494 66 T. Last previous edition approved in 2010 asD2494 02(2010)1. DOI: 10.1520/D2494-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
14、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
15、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to itscommercial moisture regain.(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture regain with un-scoured material)the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber oryarn plus the mass corresponding t
16、o its commercial moistureregain.(4) UN Basis (unadjusted net)the mass of unscouredfiber or yarn with no adjustment for the amount of moisture orfinish, or both.3.1.2 commercial moisture regain, (CMR), na formallyadopted, arbitrary value, to be used with the oven-dried mass oftextile fibers, when cal
17、culating the commercial mass of ashipment or delivery.3.2 For definitions of the textile terms shipment and tareused in this test method, refer to Terminology D4849.3.3 For the terms laboratory sampling unit, moisturecontent, and oven-dry, refer to Terminology D123.3.4 For other terms used in this t
18、est method, refer toTerminology D123, D3888, Terminology D3990, and Termi-nology D4849.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Representative specimens from a shipment are dried,weighed, and, in some cases, scoured and weighed again. Fromthe net mass of the shipment and the masses of the specimensbefore and af
19、ter treatment, commercial mass of the shipment iscalculated using one of the following options:4.1.1 Option ICAS basis treatment consists of scouringand drying. Commercial mass includes a correction for com-mercial allowance.4.1.2 Option IICMRS basis treatment consists of scouringand drying. Commerc
20、ial mass excludes scourables but includesa correction for commercial moisture regain.4.1.3 Option IIICMRU basis treatment consists of dryingonly. Commercial mass includes finishes and a correction forcommercial moisture regain.4.1.4 Option IVUN basis requires no samples and notreatment. Commercial m
21、ass equals the net mass of theshipment without adjustment for scourables or moisture.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a refereemethod for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarnor manufactured staple fibers.5.1.1 If there are differences of practic
22、al significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-parative test that are as homogeneous as po
23、ssible, drawn fromthe same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparateresults during initial testing and randomly assigned in equalnumbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-tories involved should be compared using a statistical test forunpaired data, a probability le
24、vel chosen prior to the testingseries. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found andcorrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Option I is in common use in other countries, particu-larly in Europe.45.3 Option II is used to cal
25、culate the commercial mass ofas-produced manufactured filament yarns (except someproducer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, and tows.This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remainingafter fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.5.4 Option III is used to calculate the
26、 commercial mass ofspun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When materialsare sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the fiberlubricant or other removable processing aids.5.5 Option IV is in common use with impregnated aramids.5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or anotherme
27、thod of testing gives the same results, or results that have aconstant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, thatmethod may be used for routine testing of known productionbut should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknownmaterial. For the determination of extractable matter, refer
28、 toTest Method D2257.5.6.1 When the finish is not removable by a water scour, asolvent extraction may be substituted on agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier.5.7 Under certain circumstances, samples taken from yarnsand manufactured staple fibers and tows can change moisturecontent rapidly.
29、 For this reason, very careful planning andhandling of samples are required to prevent major biases incommercial mass results.6. Apparatus and Reagents6.1 Washing Machine,3automatic home-type, of the makeand model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalentwashing machine.6.2 Soft Water (10 ppm
30、or less calcium carbonate hardness)for hot setting of washer controlled for 60 to 65C.6.3 Bags,5made from polyester yarn, of a stableconstruction, such as a leno weave, which have been previ-ously scoured and which have a known oven-dry mass. Eachbag shall be large enough to permit the test specimen
31、 to besufficiently porous to permit free access of the scouringsolution to the specimen. The bag should have an adequateclosure to prevent fiber loss.6.4 Automatic Dryer,3automatic home-type, of the makeand model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent,(optional).6.5 Drying Oven, ventilated
32、and capable of controlling thetemperature in the range of 105 6 3C. The oven shall besupplied with a current of air sufficient to change the air once4BISFA, Terminology of man-made fibres, 2009 edition.5The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Mar Mac Manufact
33、uring Co., P.O. Box 278. McBee, SC 29101. If you are awareof alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee,1which you may attend.D2494 132every 4 min. The specimens shall
34、 be protected from directradiation of the heating units. Air supplied to the oven shall beat standard atmospheric conditions for testing textiles. Theoven may be provided with facilities for cutting off the aircurrent and weighing the specimens without removing themfrom the oven.6.6 Scale, with a ca
35、pacity and sensitivity sufficient to weighbeams, bales, cases, or other shipping units within 0.1 % oftheir gross mass and maintained according to National Instituteof Standards and Technology (NIST) criteria.66.7 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 % of the mass of thespecimens being tested and ma
36、intained according to NISTcriteria.6These requirements apply both to balances built intoovens and to free-standing devices.6.8 Weighing Cans, with tight-fitting lids of sufficient size tohold the bag and specimen (required only if weighings aremade outside the oven).6.9 Desiccator(s), of sufficient
37、size to hold the weighingcans (required only if weighings are made outside the oven).6.10 Desiccant, silica gel or equivalent, if desiccators areused.6.11 High Cloud Point Nonionic Detergent,7as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the supplier.7. Procedure7.1 Shipment MassWeigh, intact, each shippi
38、ng unit (baleor case) in the shipment to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass.NOTE 2The gross mass and the tare mass should be obtained onmaterials at equilibrium with the same ambient conditions, which areoften not the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Also, for thisprocedure, the tare should be d
39、etermined from actual weighings and notfrom values supplied by the supplier.7.2 Lot SampleTake a lot sample as directed in theapplicable material specifications, or as agreed upon betweenthe purchaser and the supplier, or in their absence as directed inPractice D2258 for yarn or Practice D3333 for s
40、taple fiber.Treat sliver (or top) and tow as staple for lot sampling. Thesame units selected for product samples will also be used fortare samples. The lot sample must be representative of theshipment and must be taken at random from the variousshipping units.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other
41、 agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account variability betweenshipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, andbetween specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling planwith a meaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable qu
42、alitylevel, and limiting quality level.7.3 Laboratory SamplesTake laboratory samples repre-sentative of the shipment as directed as follows. Save all loosepackaging materials (wrappings, strappings, and separators)from each lot sample unit for tare weighing. Sample the lot asquickly as possible to r
43、eflect accurately the moisture level inthe lot. Place samples in airtight containers for subsequentweighing.7.3.1 YarnTake at least 20 unit packages from randomplaces within the different shipping units forming the lotsample as directed in Practice D2258. Use a prearranged planfor random sampling to
44、 save time in taking the packages fromthe shipping units. Enclose each unit package in a separateairtight container until the specimens are removed.7.3.1.1 Sampling beams of yarn for verification of commer-cial mass presents unique problems which are left to theagreement of the purchaser and the sup
45、plier.7.3.2 Staple, Sliver or Top, and TowTake laboratorysamples from each laboratory sampling unit as directed inPractice D3333.7.4 External TareCollect, without delay, all packagingmaterials which were part of the lot sample and which wereassociated with the shipping units. Supports for individual
46、packages will be dealt with in 7.6. Weigh the external tarematerial for each lot sample unit to 0.1 % of its mass. (SeeNote 3).7.5 SpecimensWithout delay, prepare specimens as di-rected in 7.5.1 or 7.5.2. Save all yarn supports which were partof the laboratory sample.7.5.1 YarnTake two 5-g bits of y
47、arn from each of at least20 packages that form the laboratory sample. Immediately puteach bit into one of two airtight containers and close thecontainer after obtaining each bit. (Each container will containbits from 20 packages.) With the exception of lots shipped onbeams, take the yarn from random
48、 locations within the pack-ages. Prepare representative specimens each weighing approxi-mately 100 g. Do not wind or reel yarn being taken forspecimens. Keep the hands dry and handle the yarn (bothpackages and specimens) as little as possible. Select one of thespecimens for testing; set the other as
49、ide for any confirmatorytests which may be required.7.5.1.1 Preparation of specimens from beams is left to theagreement of the purchaser and the supplier.7.5.2 Staple, Sliver, Top, TowTreat each of the laboratorysamples as a specimen. Select one of each pair of specimensfor testing and set the other aside for confirmatory testing, ifrequired.7.6 Internal TareCollect, without delay, all yarn supportswhich were part of the laboratory sample and weigh each to0.1 % of its mass.7.7 Specimen Mass, MWithout delay, weigh each speci-men to the nearest 0.1 % of
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