1、Designation: D2509 03 (Reapproved 2008)D2509 14Designation: 326/83 (88)Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Load-Carrying Capacity of LubricatingGrease (Timken Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2509; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load
3、-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the TimkenExtreme Pressure Tester.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, ass
4、ociated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Adjuncts:Gloss
5、y Prints of Test Blocks Showing Various Types of Scar23. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 load-carrying capacity, of a lubricating grease, nthe maximum load or pressure that can be sustained by a lubricatinggrease without failure of the sliding contact surfaces as evidenced by seizure or welding.3.1
6、.1.1 DiscussionThe values of load carrying capacity of a lubricating grease vary according to test method.3.1.2 scoring, in tribology, na severe form of wear characterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches in thedirection of sliding.3.1.2.1 DiscussionWhen the lubricant film is subs
7、tantially maintained, a smooth scar is obtained on the test block, but when there is a breakdownof the lubricant film, scoring or surface failure of the test block takes place as shown in Fig. 1.2 In its simplest and recognized form,scoring is characterized by a wide scar on the test block and by th
8、e transfer of metal from the test block to the contacting surfaceof the test cup. The form of surface failure more usually encountered, however, consists of a comparatively smooth scar, whichshows local damage that usually extends beyond the width of the scar. Scratches or striations that occur in a
9、n otherwise smoothscar and that do not extend beyond the width of the scar are not considered scoring in this test method. The term scuffing issometimes used as a synonym for scoring.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and
10、Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.Current edition approved May 1, 2008Oct. 1, 2014. Published August 2008February 2015. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20032008 asD2509D2509 03 (2008).03.This test metho
11、d was adopted as an ASTM-IP Standard. DOI: 10.1520/D2509-03R08.10.1520/D2509-14.2 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD2509. Original adjunct produced in 1972.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indica
12、tion of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be con
13、sidered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 seizure or welding, nlocalized fusion of rubbing metal, usually indicated by streaks
14、of transferred metal, increasedfriction and wear, or unusual noise and vibration.3.1.4 wear, nthe removal of metal from a rubbing surface by mechanical action, or by a combination of mechanical andchemical actions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 OK value, nthe maximum mass (
15、weight) added to the load lever mass (weight) pan, at which no scoring or seizureoccurs.3.2.2 score value, nthe minimum mass (weight) added to the load lever mass (weight) pan, at which scoring or seizure occurs.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The tester is operated with a steel test cup rotating again
16、st a steel test block. The rotatingrotational speed is 123.71 6 0.77m/min (405.88 6 2.54 ft/min) 800 6 5 r/min, which is equivalent to a spindlelinear speed of 800 6 5 rpm. 123.71 6 0.77 m/min(405.88 6 2.54 ft/min). Grease samples are brought to and applied at 24 6 6C (75 6 10F).4.2 Two determinatio
17、ns are made: the minimum load (score value) that will rupture the lubricant film being tested between therotating cup and the stationary block and cause abrasion;adhesion; and the maximum load (OK value) at which the rotating cupwill not rupture the lubricant film and cause abrasionadhesion between
18、the rotating cup and the stationary block.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test method is used widely for specification purposes and is used to differentiate between greases having low, medium,or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The results may not correlate with results from service.6
19、. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Timken Extreme Pressure Tester , described in detail in Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig. 2.6.2 Sample Feed Devices, for supplying the test specimens with grease are described in Annex A1.6.3 Loading Mechanism, for applying and removing the load mass (weight) without shoc
20、k at the uniform rate 0.91 to 1.36 kg/s(2 to 3 lb/s). A detailed description is given in Annex A1.FIG. 1 Test Blocks Showing Various Types of ScarD2509 1426.4 Test Cups,3,4of carburized steel, having a Rockwell Hardness C Scale Number of 58 to 62, or a Vickers Hardness Numberof 653 to 746. The cups
21、have a width of 13.06 6 0.05 mm (0.514 6 0.002 in.), a perimeter of 154.51 6 0.23 mm (6.083 6 0.009in.), a diameter of 49.22 +0.025, 0.127 mm (1.938 +0.001, 0.005 in.), and a maximum radial run-out of 0.013 mm (0.0005 in.).The axial surface roughness should lie between 0.51 and 0.76 m (20 and 30 in.
22、) C.L.A.6.5 Test Blocks4,5with test surfaces 12.32 6 0.10 mm (0.485 6 0.004 in.) wide and 19.05 6 0.41 mm (0.750 6 0.016 in.) long,of carburized steel, having a Rockwell Hardness C Scale Number of 58 to 62, or a Vickers Hardness Number of 653 to 746. Eachblock is supplied with four ground faces and
23、the surface roughness should lie between 0.51 and 0.76 m (20 and 30 in.) C.L.A.6.6 Microscope, 4,6 low-power (50 to 60), having sufficient clearance under objective to accommodate the test block. Itshould be fitted with a filar micrometer so that the scar width may be measured with an accuracy of 60
24、.05 mm (60.002 in.).6.7 Timer, graduated in minutes and seconds.3 The sole source of supply of the test cups known to the committee at this time is Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585 under Part No.F-25061.4 If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
25、information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.5 The sole source of supply of the test blocks known to the committee at this time is Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar
26、Grove, IL, 60554-9585 under Part No.F-25001.6 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585.FIG. 2 Timken TesterD2509 1437. Reagents7.1 Acetone, reagent grade, minimum purity. (WarningExtremely flamm
27、able. Vapors can cause flash fire.)7.2 Stoddard Solvent, also known as Mineral Spirits, reagent grade. (WarningCombustible. Vapor harmful.)8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Clean the apparatus with Stoddard solvent and acetone (see 7.1 and 7.2), and blow dry. Shield the sump outlet anddisconnect the oi
28、l pump to eliminate wear on the unused pump. Replace the oil reservoir with the grease feed device.8.2 Select a new test cup and block, wash with Stoddard solvent, and dry with a clean soft cloth or paper. Immediately beforeuse rinse the test cup and block with acetone and blow them dry. Do not use
29、solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or others thatmay inherently possess load-carrying properties which may affect the results.8.3 Assemble the tester carefully (Fig. 3), placing the test cup on the spindle and making certain that it is well seated, drawingit up firmly but avoiding possible distor
30、tion from excessive tightening (Note 1). Place the test block in the test block holder andadjust the levers so that all the knife edges are in proper alignment. Exercise special care in placing the stirrup of the spring-weightplatform assembly (selection of which will depend on the loading device) i
31、n the groove of the load-lever arm to avoid prematureshock to the test block when the load is applied. To ensure the test block, test block holder, and lever arms are properly alignedand seated, coat the test block and test cup with the grease to be tested, and rotate the machine slowly for a few re
32、volutions eitherby hand or by suitable control mechanism. If the parts are in alignment, the grease will be wiped off the cup over its entire width.NOTE 1At this point it is recommended that a dial indicator be used to check that the radial run-out of the cup in situ does not exceed 0.001 in. (0.025
33、mm) total indicator movement.FIG. 2 Timken Tester (continued)D2509 1449. Procedure9.1 Bring the grease to 24 6 6C (75 6 10F). Fill the grease-feeding device with grease, avoiding the inclusion of air bubbles.Apply a film of grease to the test cup and block and thoroughly grease the guide bushing wit
34、h the test grease. Do not heat thegrease.9.2 Apply the grease at 2524 6 6C (75 6 10F) to the test block through the grease-feed mechanism at the uniform rate of45 6 9 g/min (0.1 6 0.02 lb/min). Start the motor and run for 30 s to break-in. If the equipment used is equipped with accelerationcontrol,
35、start the motor and gradually increase the spindle speed gradually rotational speed of the spindle to achieve 800 6 5 rpmafter 15 s. 15 s. Run for a further 15 s to complete the break-in.9.3 After the break-in period of 30 s, start the timer and apply at 8.9 to 13.3 N/s (2 to 3 lbf/s), a load of 133
36、.4 N (30 lbf). (Astarting load of 133.4 N (30 lbf/s) is recommended. The load lever arm, spring, and mass (weight) carrier assembly are notconsidered part of the applied load.) Then allow the machine to run at 800 6 5 rpm for 10 min 6 15 s after load application isinitiated, unless a score is detect
37、ed before that period. Excessive noise and fluctuations in the spindle speed indicate scoring of thetest components. Stop the machine at once, turn off the supply of grease lubricant, and remove the load.9.4 If, after the load has been applied, scoring is evident by vibration or noise, stop the test
38、er at once, remove the load, and turnoff the flow of lubricant. Since the excessive heat developed with deep scoring may alter the surface characteristics of the entireblock, discard the test block. (WarningThe machine and test pieces may be hot at this point and care should be exercised intheir han
39、dling.)9.5 If no scoringscoring/scuffing is detected, allow the tester to run for 10 min 6 15 s from the start of the application of theload.At the end of the 10 min 6 15 s period, reverse the loading device and remove the load from the lever arm.Turn off the motor,allow the spindle to come to rest,
40、 then turn off the flow of grease. Remove the load lever and inspect the condition of the test blocksurface. The lubricant has failed at the imposed load if the wear scar indicates any scoring or welding.scoring/scuffing or welding.Significant tapering indicates improper alignment or setup and test
41、run should be repeated. See Fig. 1.NOTE 2Microscopical observations should not be used to define if scoring has occurred, but a skilled operator may use a microscope to examine thewear scar for further information.9.6 If no score is observed, turn the test block to expose a new surface of contact an
42、d, with a new test cup, repeat the test witha load 44.5-N (10-lbf) heavier and in successive tests increase it in 44.5-N (10-lbf) increments until a load that produces a scoreis reached. At this point decrease the load by 22.2 N (5 lbf) for the final determination.9.7 If a score is produced at the 1
43、33.4-N (30-lbf) load, reduce the load by 26.7-N (6-lbf) decrements until no scoring is realized.At this point, increase the load by 13.3 N (3 lbf) for the final determination.9.8 When the wear scar evidence at any load stage makes the definition of the onset of scoring questionable, repeat the test
44、atthe same load. If the second test produces a score, record a score rating for this load. Similarly, if the second test produces noscoring, record a no score rating. If the second test again yields a questionable result, simply withhold judgment of the rating atthis load stage and test the grease a
45、t the immediately next higher and lower load stages. Then assign a rating to the load stage inquestion which is identical to the rating obtained at the immediately next higher load stage employed (see Annex A2).NOTE 3Two other procedures that may be conducted with this apparatus are described by App
46、endix X1 and Appendix X2.10. Calculation and Report10.1 Report the OK and score values in terms of the masses (weights) placed on the mass (weight) pan hanging from the endof the load-lever arm; do not include the mass (weight) of the pan assembly. Report the values in multiples of 2.27 kg (5 lb) ab
47、ove13.71 kg (30 lb) and in multiples of 1.36 kg (3 lb) below 30 lb.FIG. 3 Assembly of Tester Showing Test PiecesD2509 14510.2 When desired, the contact (unit) pressure which exists between the cup and block at the conclusion of the test may becalculated.7 After the OK value has been determined, remo
48、ve the test block and wash with Stoddard solvent, rinse with acetone,and blow dry. By means of a filar micrometer microscope, measure the width of the scars on those blocks which successfullycarried this load. Make all measurements to 0.05 mm (0.002 in.) Calculate the contact pressure, C, as follows
49、:C,psi5LX1G!#/YZ or 20X1G!#/Z (1)C,MPa59.81 LX10.454G!#/YZ (2)where:L = 10 = mechanical advantage of load-lever arm,G = load-lever constant (value is stamped on lever arm of each tester),X = mass (weight) placed on the weight pan, lbX = mass (weight) placed on the weight pan, kg,Y = length of test scar (1/2 in.),Y = length of test scar (12.7 mm),Z = average width of test scar, in., andZ = average width of test scar, mm.11. Precision and Bias11.1 The precision of this test is not known to have been obtained in accordance with currently a
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