1、Designation: D2555 16Standard Practice forEstablishing Clear Wood Strength Values1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2555; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe development of safe and efficient design values for lumber, laminated timber, plywood, roundtimbers, and other solid wood products, each with it
3、s own special requirements has, as a commonstarting point, the need for an authoritative compilation of clear wood strength values for thecommercially important species.Also required are procedures for establishing, from these data, valuesapplicable to groups of species or to regional groupings with
4、in a species where necessitated bymarketing conditions. This standard has been developed to meet these needs and to provide, inaddition, information on factors for consideration in the adjustment of the clear wood strength valuesto design values for engineering. Since factors such as species prefere
5、nce, species groupings,marketing practices, design techniques, and safety factors vary with each type of product and end use,it is contemplated that this standard will be supplemented where necessary by other appropriatestandards relating to specific design values for each such product. Practice D24
6、5 is an example of sucha standard applicable to the interpretation of the clear wood strength values in terms of allowableproperties for visually graded lumber.A primary feature of this practice is the establishment of tables presenting the most reliable basicinformation developed on the strength of
7、 clear wood and its variability through many years of testingand experience. The testing techniques employed are those presented in Test Methods D143. Amongthe recognized limitations of such strength data are those resulting from the problems of samplingmaterial from forests extending over large reg
8、ions, and the uneconomical feasibility of completelytesting an intensive sample. A practical approach to the improvement of strength data is through theapplication of the results of density surveys in which the specific gravity of the entire forest stand foreach species is determined on a sound stat
9、istical basis. Through regression equations derived frompresently available strength data, revised strength values are established from the specific gravity-strength relationship for clear wood. This procedure greatly extends current capabilities to developnew estimates of strength and to improve or
10、 verify estimates made in the past.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength valuesfor clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition,unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment ofdesign values for different solid wood products such as lumber,laminated w
11、ood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on smallclear specimens may be combined with density data fromextensive forest surveys to make them more representative,1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms ofassigned values for com
12、binations of species or regional divi-sions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear woodvalues into design values for different solid wood products fordifferent end uses.1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yetava
13、ilable for the re-evaluation of average strength properties,the presently available data from tests made under the samplingmethods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or PracticeE105 are provided with appropriate provision for their appli-cation and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in whicht
14、he density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of theforest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengthsparallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a1This prac
15、tice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood andare the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methodsand Properties.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D2555 15.
16、 DOI:10.1520/D2555-16.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elas-ticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods aredescribed for estimating these properties by t
17、heir relation toother properties.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
18、ions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD245 Practice for Establishing Structural Grades and Re-lated Allowable Properties for Visually Graded LumberD2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Struc-tural Wood and Wood-B
19、ased ProductsE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Summary of Methods3.1 Two methods are presented for establishing tables ofclear wood strength properties for different species and re-gional subdivisions thereof in the unseasoned condition andunadjusted for end use. These are design
20、ated Method A andMethod B.3.1.1 MethodAprovides for the use of the results of surveysof wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees,in combination with the data obtained from standard strengthtests made in accordance with Test Methods D143. Theaverage strength properties are obtained f
21、rom wood densitysurvey data through linear regression equations establishing therelation of specific gravity to the several strength properties.NOTE 1Density surveys have been completed for only a limitednumber of species. Data are thus not currently available for the use ofMethod A on all commercia
22、l species. As such data become available theywill be incorporated in revisions of this practice.3.1.2 Method B provides for the establishment of tables ofstrength values based on standard tests of small clear speci-mens in the unseasoned condition for use when data fromdensity surveys are not availa
23、ble. Separate tables are employedto present the data on woods grown in the United States and onwoods grown in Canada.4. Procedure for Establishing Clear Wood StrengthValues4.1 Method ASix steps are involved in establishingstrength values by the wood density survey procedure. Theseare: conducting the
24、 wood density survey, development of unitareas, determination of average specific gravity for a unit area,determination of strength-specific gravity relations, estimationof average strength properties for a unit area, and combiningvalues for unit areas into basic groups and establishing averagestren
25、gth properties and estimates of variance for the groups. Inthese methods a basic group is a combination of unit areasrepresenting a species or a regional division thereof.4.1.1 Conducting Wood Density SurveyA well-designedand thorough wood density survey is required to provideneeded data on specific
26、 gravity for the reevaluation of strengthproperties. Such a survey requires consideration of the geo-graphic range to be covered, the representativeness of thesample, the techniques of density evaluation, and adequate dataanalysis.NOTE 2Detailed information on an acceptable method of conductingwood
27、density surveys, together with survey data, are presented in the U.S.Forest Service Research Paper FPL 27, “Western Wood Density SurveyReport No. 1.”4.1.2 Development of Unit AreasSubdivide the geographi-cal growth range of each species into unit areas that contain1 % or more of the estimated cubic
28、foot volume of standingtimber of the species and are represented by reliable estimatesof specific gravity of at least 20 trees. Make up unit areas ofU.S. Forest Service Survey Units, or similar units or subdivi-sions of units, for which reliable estimates of timber volumeare available. Develop unit
29、areas objectively by means of thefollowing steps:4.1.2.1 Select a base survey unit or subdivision of a surveyunit to be grouped with others,4.1.2.2 Group with similar adjacent areas to make up a unitarea on the basis of a timber volume, and4.1.2.3 Determine the number of tree specific gravitysamples
30、 available in the proposed unit area.NOTE 3The rules for developing unit areas should represent an effortto subdivide objectively and uniquely the range of a species into smallgeographic areas, which are assumed to be considerably more homoge-neous with respect to the mechanical properties of the sp
31、ecies than is theentire range itself. The number of unit areas associated with a species isa function of the volume of timber on the smallest usable areas and thenumber of tree specific gravity samples taken. In general, the larger therange and the greater the commercial importance of the species, t
32、hegreater are the number of unfit areas. One acceptable procedure forestablishing unit areas is presented in U.S. Forest Service Research PaperFPL 27, “Western Wood Density Survey Report No. 1,” Appendix C.4.1.3 Determination of Average Specific Gravity for a UnitAreaCalculate the average specific g
33、ravity of trees in eachunit area as the simple average of individual estimates ofspecific gravity of trees within the unit area.4.1.4 Determination of Strength-Specific GravityRelationsFrom matched specific gravity and strength data onsmall clear specimens of wood, establish relationships of theform
34、:y 5 a1bx (1)where:y = estimated strength value,a, b = constants for the species, andx = specific gravity of the species.for each species, using standard statistical methods ofregression analysis. Equations for modulus of rupture, modulusof elasticity, maximum crushing strength, and maximum shear-in
35、g strength are established in this manner. The distribution ofspecific gravity in the samples used to compute regressionsshould be representative of the species and, in particular, shall2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceas
36、tm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D2555 162represent the full specific gravity range. The nature of the truedistribution of specific gravity can be obtained from results ofwood density surveys. Obtain the data
37、 from specimens testedin accordance with Test Methods D143.4.1.4.1 Several methods are available for securing suitablesamples for obtaining data to compute strength-specific gravityrelationships, as follows: strength and specific gravity valuesfrom samples obtained in conformance with Test MethodsD1
38、43 may be employed solely or in combination with datasecured by sampling techniques described below or testsamples may be obtained from the forest resource in the formof trees, logs, or lumber. Select samples that are representativeof all growing stock from each of at least five differentlocations w
39、ithin the growth range of a species that include thescope of environmental conditions of the range. This impliesthat the sample from a single location must be such that all ofthe growing stock from that location is represented.4.1.4.2 Where relationships between strength and specificgravity are show
40、n to have a statistically significant difference atthe 5 % level within a species growth range, subdivide therange to permit the development of more accurate estimatingequations for each subdivision. Develop equations for subdi-visions of a species growth range only if specimens from atleast five di
41、stinctly different places in the proposed subdivisionare available and if the correlation coefficients from thestrength-specific gravity regressions are 0.50 or greater.4.1.5 Estimation of the Average Strength Properties for aUnit AreaGiven a set of strength-specific gravity estimatingequations for
42、each species or subdivision thereof, computeaverage strength properties for each unit area using theseequations and the average specific gravity for the unit area.4.1.6 Combining Unit Areas into Basic Groups and Devel-opment of Average Strength Properties and Estimates ofVariance for the GroupsCombi
43、ne all unit areas containingtimber whose properties are described by the same strength-specific gravity relationships to produce a basic group of unitareas. Develop the following information for these basicgroups:4.1.6.1 For each unit area, obtain, from reliable volumedata, the volume of the species
44、 being considered and estimatestrength properties from appropriate equations. Determineaverage strength properties for a group of unit areas for aspecies or a subdivision thereof by the following equation:Y%5(iYiVi/V! (2)where:Y5= weighted average strength property for the group ofunit areas,Yi= ave
45、rage strength property for the ith unit area,VI= percentage of standing timber volume of the species forthe ith unit area, andV = total percentage of standing timber volume of thespecies in the group of unit areas being combined.4.1.6.2 Compute the variability index, which is a measure ofthe homogen
46、eity among average values for unit areas within agroup, by dividing the group average by the lowest unit areaaverage included in the group.4.1.6.3 Estimate a standard deviation, providing a measureof the dispersion of individual strength values about the groupaverage, for each basic group of unit ar
47、eas using informationon variance obtained from density survey and standard strengthdata. Compute estimates of standard deviation for each prop-erty as:s 5 =b2sw21sa2!1RMS (3)where:s = standard deviationb = slope of the strength-specific gravity relation,sw2= within-tree variance in specific gravity
48、esti-mated from data used to obtain strength-specific gravity relations,sa2= among-tree variance in specific gravity ob-tained from density survey data,(sw2+sa2) = estimate of total variance in specific gravity,andRMS = residual mean square from the strength-specific gravity relation.NOTE 4When a sa
49、mpling technique is used that ensures only onespecimen will be taken per tree (such as a suitably designed mill sample),the quantity (sw2+ sa2) is automatically obtained as a total variance ofspecific gravity.NOTE 5An alternative procedure for developing average strengthvalues where all unit areas are contained within a single species orregional subdivision thereof consists of combining the volume weightedunit area specific gravities to establish a species or regional subdivisionspecific gravity and then computing the average strength properties bysubstituting the av
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