1、Designation: D 2559 04Standard Specification forAdhesives for Structural Laminated Wood Products for UseUnder Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1
3、.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for thebonding of wood, including treated wood, into structurallaminated wood products for general construction, for marineuse, or for other uses where a high-strength, waterproofadhesive bond is required.1.2 The requirements of the adhesive are based
4、on theperformance of the adhesive in laminated wood as measuredby:1.2.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading,1.2.2 Resistance to delamination during accelerated expo-sure to wetting and drying, and1.2.3 Resistance to deformation under static load.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be reg
5、arded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine
6、the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 9 Terminology Relating to WoodD 143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD 905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression LoadingD 907 Terminology of Ad
7、hesivesD 1165 Nomenclature of Domestic Hardwoods and Soft-woodsD 1583 Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration ofDry Adhesive FilmsD 2555 Test Methods for Establishing Clear Wood StrengthValuesD 3535 Test Method for Resistance to Deformation UnderStatic Loading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhes
8、ivesUsed Under Exterior (Wet Use) Exposure ConditionsD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD 4300 Test Methods for Ability of Adhesive Films toSupport or Resist the Growth of FungiD 5266 Practice for Estimating the Percentage of WoodFailure in Ad
9、hesive Bonded JointsE 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-ingE 41 Terminology Relating to ConditioningE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in this specification are de-fined in Termin
10、ology D 907.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 delamination, nthe separation of layers in a lami-nate because of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesiveitself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.3.2.2 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-laminated
11、timber.NOTE 1The following ASTM standards may be referred to for otherterms used in this specification: Nomenclature D 1165, TerminologiesD 9, E 6, and E 41.3.2.3 laminated wood product, na fabricated wood assem-bly resulting from the bonding together of two or morelaminations, all with the directio
12、n of grain essentially parallel,to form a larger piece such as a structural member.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe individual laminations themselvesmay be made up of two or more pieces both in width andlength.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct res
13、ponsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 2559 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
14、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
15、ed States.3.2.4 structural-glued-laminated timber, nan engineeredstress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminations
16、isapproximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym: glulam)ANSI/AITC A190.11992. American National Standard forWood
17、ProductsStructural Glued Laminated Timber (edited toconform with ASTM format).4. Significance and Use4.1 Structural design based on strength of material prin-ciples of the structural components, including the adhesive andthe adhesives potential durability, requires that the suitabilityfor structural
18、 wet use exposure be predicted.4.2 Performance of the adhesive for resistance to shear bycompression loading, resistance to delamination during accel-erated aging exposure to wetting and drying, and resistance todeformation under load data developed by this test aid indetermining if the adhesive is
19、suitable for structural wet use.5. Classification5.1 The manufacturer shall classify the adhesive as togeneral type. Typical classifications include: resorcinol,phenol-resorcinol, phenol, melamine, etc.5.2 The manufacturer may be considered to be the testingfacility certifying the adhesive.6. Orderi
20、ng Information6.1 The manufacturer will furnish the adhesive in anysuitable form agreeable to the purchaser.7. Fillers and Extenders7.1 If amylaceous or protein fillers and extenders are used,the adhesive must not only pass requirements of this specifi-cation, but in addition, possess sufficient ant
21、ifungal propertiesto inhibit the growth of selected fungal species when tested inaccordance with Test Method D 4300. The adhesive manufac-turer shall state in his bulletin whether such materials arepresent.8. Chemical Requirements8.1 The cured adhesive film shall develop a pH value of notless than 2
22、.5 when tested in accordance with Test MethodD 1583.9. Physical Requirements9.1 The adhesive manufacturer shall furnish written instruc-tions stating the general chemical type of adhesive, its storageand mixing procedure, the method of wood preparation, andany other data which is pertinent to the us
23、e of the adhesive inthe manufacture of laminated wood products.9.2 The adhesive must pass the tests required by thisspecification for all limiting conditions recommended in themanufacturers bulletin. The information furnished by themanufacturer should include each of the following for eachspecies of
24、 wood included in his recommendations:9.2.1 Limits of working life,9.2.2 Minimum and maximum open and closed assemblytimes as dictated by temperature, moisture content of the wood,mix age, etc.,9.2.3 Minimum spread rates for assembly times and useconditions as indicated in 9.2.2,9.2.4 Minimum cure t
25、ime and temperature of bondline forcomplete cure,9.2.5 Minimum pressure, and9.2.6 Maximum and minimum allowable moisture contentof the wood.10. Selection and Preparation of Wood for Testing ofAdhesives10.1 Test the adhesive on the species of wood to be bondedor for which it is recommended including
26、chemically treatedwood (see Note 2). The wood shall have a maximum slope ofgrain of 1 in 15 on any face or any edge. The wood shallcontain no knots larger than 3 mm (18 in.) in diameter and shallbe free from decay, machining defects (such as chipped grain,dubbed ends, feed roll polish, coarse knife
27、marks, and feed rollcompression), and any drying defects such as case hardening,collapse, splits, or checks. Use only flat-grained wood.NOTE 2Grouping of species is not permitted.10.2 Wood Moisture Content:10.2.1 Ambient Curing AdhesivesCondition the wood at23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humid
28、ity of 50 to 70 %(preferably 65 %) until a moisture content of 8 to 14 % or,preferably 9 to 12 %, has been attained.10.2.2 Hot Press Curing AdhesivesCondition the wood at23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of less than50 % until a moisture content of 3 to 8 % has been attained.10.3 Freshly
29、 surface each lamination before bonding withthe adhesive to be tested. Remove at least 0.4 mm (164 in.)from each face within 24 h of bonding. The machiningtolerances for each lamination used in preparing the testsamples shall be no greater than 60.25 mm (0.01 in.) betweenlaminations and 60.20 mm (0.
30、008 in.) within laminations.11. Preparation of Laminated Wood Test Members11.1 Ambient-Curing Adhesives:11.1.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same species foreach laminated wood member. Each of the six pieces shall havea specific gravity equal to or exceeding the minimum require-ment of Table 1.
31、Each piece of wood shall be 19-mm (0.75-in.)thick lumber (see Note 3) at least 140 mm (512 in.) in widthand 1 m (40 in.) long. Orient the direction of the annulargrowth rings when viewed on the end of the laminations in thelaminated wood test member so that they are alternated.NOTE 3This thickness w
32、ould normally come from “nominal 1-in.lumber.”11.1.1.1 If equipment prevents the preparation of laminatedwood test members 1 m (40 in.) in length, prepare duplicate610-mm (24-in.) laminated wood members to obtain at least anequivalent number of test specimens.D255904211.1.2 Apply the adhesive unifor
33、mly to the contacting facesof each lamination in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions.11.1.3 Place the laminated wood members under pressurefor a period of time and at the bondline temperature specifiedby the manufacturer of the adhesive.11.1.4 ConditioningCondition the laminated wood mem-b
34、ers at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of 50to 70 % (preferably 65 %) for the minimum time recommendedby the manufacturer for each curing temperature used duringthe pressure period, and test immediately.11.2 Hot-Press Curing Adhesives:11.2.1 Prepare six pieces of wood of the same speci
35、es foreach laminated test member. Each of the six pieces shall havea specific gravity equal to or exceeding the minimum require-ment of Table 1. Each piece of wood shall be 19 mm (0.75 in.)thick lumber (see Note 4) at least 140 mm (512 in.) in widthand 1 m (40 in.) long as allowed in 11.1.1.1. Orien
36、t thedirection of the annular growth rings when viewed on the endof the laminations in the laminated wood test member so thatthey are alternated.NOTE 4This thickness would normally come from “nominal 1 in.lumber.”11.2.1.1 If equipment prevents the preparation of laminatedwood test members 1 m (40 in
37、.) in length, prepare duplicate610 mm (24 in.) laminated wood members to obtain at least anequivalent number of test specimens.11.2.2 Apply the adhesive uniformly to the contacting facesof each lamination in accordance with the manufacturersinstructions.11.2.3 Hot press three-layer assemblies at the
38、 pressure,press temperature, and to the bondline temperature specified bythe manufacturer of the adhesive. These three-layer assemblies,after conditioning in accordance with 11.1.4, are assembledinto six laminated wood test members using a SpecificationD 2559 approved ambient-curing adhesive for the
39、 center bond-line in accordance with 11.1.3.11.2.4 ConditioningCondition the laminated wood mem-bers at 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and a relative humidity of 50to 70 % (preferably 65 %) for the minimum time recom-mended by the manufacturer for each curing temperature usedduring the pressure period, and t
40、est immediately.12. Number of Tests12.1 Prepare six laminate wood members for tests, one ateach of the limiting conditions listed, but all other factors, asitemized in 9.1 and 9.2, shall be in accordance with themanufacturers instructions.12.1.1 Liquid adhesives:12.1.1.1 Minimum open assembly time w
41、ith minimumclosed assembly time,12.1.1.2 Maximum open assembly time with maximumclosed assembly time, and12.1.1.3 Minimum open assembly time with maximumclosed assembly time.12.1.2 Film adhesives:12.1.2.1 Minimum cure time,12.1.2.2 Minimum cure temperature, and12.1.2.3 Minimum pressure.13. Preparati
42、on of Test Samples13.1 Dress the laminated wood members, prepared in ac-cordance with Sections 11 and 12, on the sides to a uniformwidth of 127 mm (5 in.) at the completion of the conditioningperiod. Trim 76 mm (3 in.) off one end of each of thesemembers and discard it. Cut the remaining trimmed mem
43、bersinto five sections as shown in Fig. 1. Use the 102mm (4in.)TABLE 1 Required Shear Strength for Structural Laminated Wood ProductsNOTE 1For species other than those given, strength values shall be based on 90 % of the value for shear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content.The use of 90 % of s
44、hear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content takes into account the various subspecies of a particular wood species. The valuesfor shear parallel to grain may be found in Tables 4-3a through 44b of the Wood Handbook, Forest Products Society (1999 edition). Base the minimumallowable specific gravi
45、ty on volume for wood at 12 % moisture content. For species not listed see Note 3. Adjustments for changes in moisture contentshall be made in accordance with formula 43 (page 434) found in the 1999 Wood Handbook.NOTE 2It has been documented that bonded shear specimens (Test Method D 905 type specim
46、en) on the average provide higher shear strength valuesthan solid wood specimens (Test Methods D 143 type specimen). It may appear to be inconsistent to compare shear strength data of bonded specimensto data based on 90 % of the solid wood shear strength found in the Wood Handbook. However, the goal
47、 of evaluating shear strength of adhesives inSpecification D 2559 is to demonstrate the shear strength in a laminated product (tested using Test Method D 905 type specimens) meets or exceeds thestrength of a solid wood beam when tested by standard procedures for solid wood (Test Methods D 143 type s
48、pecimen).NOTE 3For species not found in the 1999 Wood Handbook, values for shear parallel to grain at 12 % moisture content using solid wood are to beobtained on clear, straight-grained specimens following specific ASTM test methods and procedures. These include Test Methods D 143 and D 2555. TestMe
49、thods D 143 testing is to be performed on a minimum of 28 shear strength specimens.SpeciesRequired Shear Strength, KPa (psi)AMinimum Allowable SpecificGravity of Solid Wood Usedfor Each LaminationBMoisture Content of Wood at Test8% 12% 16%Douglas fir 7 600 (1 110) 7 000 (1 020) 6 500 (940) 0.43Hemlock, western 8 900 (1 290) 8 000 (1 160) 7 200 (1 050) 0.41Larch, western 9 400 (1 370) 8 400 (1 220) 7 600 (1 100) 0.55Oak, white 14 300 (2 080) 12 400 (1 800) 11 000 (1 560) 0.68Pine, southern 10 400 (1 510) 8 600 (1 250) 7 100 (1 040) 0.51Redwood 6
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