1、Designation: D2559 10aStandard Specification forAdhesives for Bonded Structural Wood Products for UseUnder Exterior Exposure Conditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2559; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONThis specific
3、ation, which was initially approved in 1966, was developed to ensure that adhesivesdeveloped and used in structural glued laminated timber (glulam) are considered suitable for theintended application. This would include, as a maximum level of severity in the case of moistureeffects, full and continu
4、ous exposure to the weather in a salt water marine environment.The use of adhesives for structural wood products (that is, Engineered Wood Products) hasexpanded beyond Glulam to include products such as Structural Composite Lumber, wood I-Joists andvarious composites adhesively bonded using a variet
5、y of materials. Although most structural gluedwood products have traditionally specified an adhesive suitable for exterior exposure, the actualexposure of glued wood products to exterior conditions may range from exposure to the weather forbrief periods of time, to continuous exposure to a marine en
6、vironment. The wide range of possibleexterior exposures of the adhesively bonded structural wood product requires consideration ofdiffering performance requirements for the adhesive.A distinction between adhesive certification and product performance requirements is necessary toensure the broadest p
7、ossible acceptance of adhesive systems to the engineered wood products industry.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers adhesives suitable for thebonding of wood, including treated wood, into structural woodproducts for general construction or other uses where ahigh-strength, durable adhesive bond is
8、 required.1.2 This specification includes test methods that may bereferenced by specific product standards for the evaluation andapproval of structural wood adhesives. Methods are included toevaluate adhesives intended for use in exterior exposure, whichare characterized and defined by two distinct
9、service classes asdescribed in 1.3.NOTE 1Consult the Commentary inAppendix X1 regarding the intentand limitations of each test method contained in this specification.1.3 Description of Bondline PerformanceIt is recognizedthat structural wood adhesives are used in various applicationsand under variou
10、s levels of severity in terms of moisturecontent, loading, cyclic and seasonal weather conditions, heatexposure and other use conditions. It is the intent of thisstandard to determine the suitability of an adhesive for useunder various levels of severity and conditions of use inaccordance with speci
11、fic and appropriate test methods andrequirements. For use in this standard, structural wood adhe-sives are separated into two classes described in terms ofconditions of use, and severity of environmental exposureincluding the amount of moisture.NOTE 2This standard does not contain specific tests out
12、lined fordifferent chemical types of adhesives.1.3.1 Description of Adhesive Service Class AThis ser-vice class is characterized by its limited exposure to theweather, including low moisture content conditions and issometimes referred to as a Protected Service or LimitedMoisture Exposure environment
13、. In this service class, exposureof adhesive bondlines in structural wood products to exteriorenvironment is limited to those such as during transportation,construction and accidental exposure where the material maybe subjected to a limited number of cycles of short-termwetting and drying.1.3.2 Desc
14、ription of Adhesive Service Class BThis ser-vice class is described wherein adhesive bondlines in structuralwood products are subjected to full and repeated or continuousexposure to the weather including high moisture content1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhes
15、ives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.30 on WoodAdhesives.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2559 10. DOI:10.1520/D2559-10A.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of thi
16、s standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.conditions. This exposure may include fresh and saltwatermarine applications as well as possible ground contact. Thisservice class has traditionally been refereed to as Exteri
17、or orWet Service.NOTE 3While the two adhesive service classes for structural woodadhesives are described or characterized in 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 the definitionsfor Adhesive Service Class A and Adhesive Service Class B adhesives arefound in Terminology 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 respectively.1.4 Strength and durabi
18、lity requirements of the adhesive inService Class A are based on the performance of the adhesivein laminated wood as measured by:1.4.1 Resistance to shear by compression loading afterconditioning to the target moisture content indicated in 14.2.3and meeting requirements in 14.4.1.4.2 Resistance to d
19、elamination during exposure to threecycles of vacuum pressure wetting followed by drying atelevated temperature as indicated in 15.3 and meeting require-ments in 15.4.1.4.3 Resistance to creep under static load by subjecting testspecimens to a specified shear stress and exposing one set oftest speci
20、mens to an environment of elevated temperature andambient humidity and another set to an environment of highhumidity and meeting requirements set forth in 16.3.1.5 Strength and durability requirements of the adhesive inService Class B are those listed in 1.4 and in addition shallinclude:1.5.1 Conduc
21、ting supplemental durability testing in accor-dance with Section 17. The supplemental durability testingshall be completed using either Test Method D3434 orCSA O112.9-10, Clause 5.5 as set forth in 17.2 and meetingrequirements in 17.3 (Note 4).NOTE 4Test Method D3434 and CSA O112.9-10, Clause 5.5 ar
22、e bothconsidered sufficient to demonstrate a higher level of adhesive durabilityrequired and consistent with the indicated service environment. Althoughboth methods are considered sufficient to demonstrate a higher measuredlevel of adhesive durability, no documented level of equivalency with thetwo
23、methods is stated or implied.1.5.2 For marine applications the adhesive shall be evalu-ated in accordance with Section 15 using salt water.1.5.3 For applications involving chemical treatment, theadhesive shall be evaluated in accordance with Sections 14-17using representative samples of treated wood
24、.NOTE 5When using chemically treated wood, compatibility betweenthe treatment, adhesive, and wood is to be considered and agreed uponbetween the chemical manufacture and the user.NOTE 6Additional durability testing may also be required as specifiedby individual product standards. Consult the Comment
25、ary inAppendix X1for additional information and guidance as to the type of durability testingthat may be appropriate to supplement this specification when character-izing the adhesive for suitability with specific wood products.1.6 The evaluation of binder adhesives is beyond the scopeof this specif
26、ication.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.8 The text of this specification references notes, footnotesand a commentary which provide explanatory material. Thesenotes, footnotes and commentary (excluding those in
27、tablesand figures) shall not be considered as requirements of thespecification.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
28、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-uctsD143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of TimberD905 Test Method for Strength Properties of AdhesiveBonds in Shear by Compression Lo
29、adingD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-woodsD1583 Test Method for Hydrogen Ion Concentration of DryAdhesive FilmsD2555 Practice for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Val-uesD3434 Test Method for Multiple-Cycle Accelerated AgingTest (Automatic Boil Test)
30、for Exterior Wet Use WoodAdhesivesD3535 Test Method for Resistance to Creep Under StaticLoading for Structural Wood Laminating Adhesives UsedUnder Exterior Exposure ConditionsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base MaterialsD4300 Test Methods for Ability of
31、Adhesive Films toSupport or Resist the Growth of FungiD5055 Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Struc-tural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-JoistsD5266 Practice for Estimating the Percentage of WoodFailure in Adhesive Bonded JointsD5456 Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composi
32、teLumber ProductsE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE41 Terminology Relating To ConditioningE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 Other Documents:CSA O112.9-10 Evaluation of Adhesives for StructuralWood Products (Exte
33、rior Exposure)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in this specification are de-fined in Terminologies D9 and D907.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annu
34、al Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 5060 Spectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http:/www.shopcsa.ca.D2559 10a23.2.1 Adhesive Service Class, na classification mecha-n
35、ism to describe bondline performance at a specific moisturecondition or to definitively indicate the design moisture classfor a structural adhesive.3.2.2 Adhesive Service Class A, na combination of tem-perature and humidity conditions that would result in amoisture content in solid lumber not exceed
36、ing 16 % for a fewweeks per year.3.2.3 Adhesive Service Class B, nenvironmental condi-tions where exposure to a combination of temperature andmoisture exposure situations would result in a moisture contentin solid lumber that frequently or continuously exceeds 16 %.3.2.4 delamination, nthe separatio
37、n of layers in a lami-nate because of failure of the adhesive, either in the adhesiveitself or at the interface between the adhesive and the adherend.3.2.5 engineered wood product, na product consisting ofa combination of smaller wood-based components bondedtogether using a structural adhesive and d
38、esigned using engi-neering methods; an alternative to traditional sawn lumber.4NOTE 7The following ASTM standards may be referred to for otherterms used in this specification: Nomenclature D1165, and TerminologiesD9, E6, and E41.3.2.6 exterior exposure, nservice environment that causephysical and ch
39、emical changes similar to that observed fromweathering in which a wood product, including any adhesivebondlines, is subjected to weathering, including but not limitedto: rain, snow, heat, cold and ultraviolet radiation and theircyclic or seasonal effects.3.2.7 glulam, nsynonym for structural-glued-l
40、aminatedtimber.3.2.8 structural-glued-laminated timber, nan engineeredstress-rated product of a timber laminating plant comprisingassemblies of specially selected and prepared wood lamina-tions securely bonded together with adhesives, with the fol-lowing characteristics: (1) the grain of all laminat
41、ions isapproximately parallel longitudinally; and (2) the laminationsmay be comprised of pieces end-joined to form any length, ofpieces placed or glued edge-to-edge to make wider ones or ofpieces bent to curved form during gluing. (Synonym: glulam)ANSI/AITC A190.12007. American National Standard for
42、Wood ProductsStructural Glued Laminated Timber (edited toconform with ASTM format).3.2.9 weathering, na complex series of physical andchemical changes occurring in wood products, including butnot limited to, checking, dimension stability and chemicaldecomposition as well as a change in adhesive bond
43、lineintegrity related to the natural swelling and shrinking stresseswhen exposing to the natural elements such as air, water, lightand man-made pollutants.54. Significance and Use4.1 Structural design based on strength of material prin-ciples of the structural components, including the adhesive andt
44、he adhesives potential durability, requires that the suitabilityfor structural exterior exposure be predicted.4.2 Performance of the adhesive for resistance to shear bycompression loading, resistance to delamination during accel-erated aging, exposure to wetting and drying, and resistance tocreep un
45、der load data developed by this test aid in determiningif the adhesive is suitable for use in structural wood productsunder conditions of exterior exposure.4.3 Minimum test requirements shall be associated withAdhesive Service Class A following test methods in Sections14-16.4.4 Additional durability
46、 tests are required to fully identifythe suitability of the adhesive in a structural wood productwhen used in Adhesive Service Class B. For additional details,guidance and test requirements refer to 1.4, Section 17, and theCommentary in Appendix X1.4.5 Test methods specified in the scope of this sta
47、ndard areintended to provide the minimum basis for determining thesuitability of an adhesive for use in exterior exposure condi-tions as defined by the two service classes noted.NOTE 8Product-specific standards should be consulted for test meth-ods applicable to desired service conditions, and appro
48、priate criteria incontext with anticipated in-service product performance requirements.4.6 Test methods indicated for approval and certification ofadhesives in each of the specified service classes can be usefulto adhesive manufacturers, testing laboratories, quality controlagencies, architects, spe
49、cifiers, other professionals and thegeneral public.4.7 The suitability of adhesive systems for use in themanufacture of engineered wood products for exterior appli-cations is dependent on both the adhesive certification testrequirements specified in D2559, and performance require-ments provided in specific product standards.4.8 This specification does not purport to address all testcriteria required to fully identify the suitability of the adhesivein a structural wood product.5. Classification5.1 The manufacturer shall classify the adhesive as togeneral type
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