1、Designation: D2573 08D2573/D2573M 15Standard Test Method forField Vane Shear Test in Cohesive SoilSaturated Fine-Grained Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2573;D2573/D2573M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the ca
2、se of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Thi
3、s test method covers the field vane test in saturated clay and silt soils for determination of undrained shear strength.Knowledge of the nature of the soil in which each vane test is to be made is necessary for assessment of the applicability andinterpretation of the test. The test is not applicable
4、 for sandy soils or non-plastic silts, which may allow drainage during the test.1.2 This test method addresses testing on land and for testing in drill holes or by self drilling self-drilling or continuous pushmethods from the ground surface. This method does not address specifically marine testing
5、where special test requirements orvariations in equipment may be required. The user is referred toASTM STP1014 for additional information on in-place vane sheartesting.testing used in marine exploration.21.3 This method is often used in conjunction with fluid rotary drilling (D5783) or ), hollow-ste
6、m augers (D6151), or conepenetration testing (D5778). Some apparatuses have the vane retracted in a protective shoe for advancement and incrementaltesting. Sampling, such as with thin wall tubes (D1587) is often combined with vane testing. Subsurface geotechnical explorationsare reported in accordan
7、ce with practicePractice (D5434).1.4 Undrained shear strength and sensitivity of cohesive soils can also be measured in Unconfined Compression D2166 andLaboratory Vane Test (D4648).1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units presented in brackets are to be regarded as the stand
8、ard.English (Imperial) units are given in parentheses.separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result innon-conformance with the standard. Reporting of tes
9、t results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance withthis test method.1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The ratio
10、nalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F =ma) calculations are involved.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/ recorded or calculated
11、 in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users
12、 objectives,and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits or reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to
13、address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Co
14、mmittee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling and RelatedField Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008July 1, 2015. Published October 2008July 2015. Originally approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 20072008 a
15、sD2573 01 (2007).D2573 08. DOI: 10.1520/D2573-08.10.1520/D2573_D2573M-15.2 ASTM STP 1014 on Vane Shear Strength Testing in Soils (1988).This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous vers
16、ion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes sect
17、ion appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Samplin
18、g of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive SoilD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Triaxial Compression Test on Cohesive SoilsD3740 Practice for M
19、inimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4648 Test Method for Laboratory Miniature Vane Shear Test for SaturatedFine-Grained Clayey SoilD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and Roc
20、kD5778 Test Method for Electronic Friction Cone and Piezocone Penetration Testing of SoilsD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6026 Practice for Using Signific
21、ant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration and Soil Sampling2.2 Other Standards:Recommended Standard for Field Vane Shear Test, Swedish Geotechnical Society, SGF Report 2:93E, Swedish GeotechnicalInstitute, Linkping: www.swedgeo.seEuroCode
22、 7: Geotechnical DesignPart 3 Design Assisted by Field Testing, ENV 1997-3:1999E, CEN3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For common definitions of terms in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.1.2 sensitivitythe effect of remolding on the consistency of cohesive soil.3.1.3 vane shear test (VST
23、)an in-place shear test in which a rod with thin radial vanes at the end is forced into the soil andthe resistance to rotation of the rod is determined.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 remolded undrained shear strengthshear strength of fine-grained soil in rapid loading with
24、little or essentially nodrainage of pore water pressure after significant failure and remolding of the initial soil structure. (Also see D2166D2850 andD4648).3.2.2 undrained shear strengthshear strength of fine-grained soil (primarily clays and clayeyplastic silts) in rapid loading withessentially n
25、o drainage of porewater pressure. (Also see D2166D2850 and D4648).3.2.3 vanea device with four, thin, flat metal blades or plates, fixed at an angle of 90 degrees to each other, which is insertedinto the soil and then rotated about a vertical axis for shear testing (see Fig. 1).3.2.4 vane shoea sect
26、ion of drill casing and cutting bit at the end in which the vane can be retracted while drilling or pushing3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 In accordance with ASTM D653.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM S
27、tandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.FIG. 1 Geometry of Field VanesD2573/D2573M 1523.3.2 shear strength, suthe maximum (undrained) resistance of soil to shearing stresses.3.3 Symbols Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 peak undrained shear strength
28、, (su)fvthe peak undrained shearing resistance measured during the initial rotation of thevane in a vane shear test.3.3.2 remolded undrained shear strength, (sur)fvthe remolded undrained shear strength is measured after five to ten vanerotations in a vane shear test.3.3.3 sensitivityST fvthe ratio o
29、f peak undrained shear strength to remolded undrained shear strength measured in the fieldvane shear test: ST fv = (su)fv/(sur)fv. The remolded shear strength is measured after large shearing strains (see 8.7 and 9.39.2).NOTE 1Previous and existing standards have specified different amounts of rotat
30、ion, from 5 to 25 revolutions, for measurement of remolded strength.2If sensitivity is reported, the number of revolutions must also be reported. Sensitivity can also be measured in unconfined compression testing (D2166)and laboratory vane testing (D4648).3.3.4 torqueT,T, (FL)the measured torque (or
31、 moment) required to rotate the vane.3.3.5 TR, (FL)the measured residual torque required to rotate the vane after rotating the vane for 5 to 10 revolutions.3.3.6 vane area ratioVVA% %the ratio of the cross section area of the vane to the circular area of the rotated vaneexpressed as a percent (see F
32、ig. 2).3.4 Acronyms:Abbreviations Specific to This Standard:3.4.1 VSTvane shear test.3.4.2 FVfield vane.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The vane shear test consists of placing a four-bladed vane in the intact soil and rotating it from the surface to determine thetorque required to shear a cylindrical s
33、urface with the vane. This torque, or moment, is then converted to a the unit shearingresistance of the failure surface by limit equilibrium analysis. Friction of the vane rod and instrument are either minimized duringreadings by special casings or housing, or else accounted for and subtracted from
34、the total torque to determine the torque appliedto the vane.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indication of in-situ undrained shear strength of fine- grained clays and silts or other finegeomaterials saturated fine-grained soils (clays and silts) or other saturated fine-grained
35、 geomaterials, such as mine tailings, organicmuck, and substances where undrained strength determination is required. tailings and organic muck. The test is applicable to soilswith undrained strengths of less than 200 kPa (2 tsf).2 tsf. Very sensitive soils can be remolded during vane insertion.FIG.
36、 2 Definition of Vane Area Ratio (ASTM D4648) (Note, r is ra-dius of central shaft).D2573/D2573M 1535.2 This test method is used extensively in a variety of geotechnical explorations to evaluate rapid loading strength for totalstress analysis of saturated fine-grained clays and silts. The test is ro
37、utinely performed in conjunction Since vane shear strengthvalues are most always higher than field strengths for analyses (5.3with other field ) they often are checked or compared with othermethods of measuring undrained shear strength. Cone Penetrometer Tests (Test Method D5778and laboratory tests.
38、) andUnconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression (D2850) tests are most often performed for direct comparison to the vane shearstrength data. Unconfined Compression (D2166) testing could also be performed, but suffers from many possible errors fromdisturbance especially in fissured clays, and shou
39、ld only be performed with experience. For more information on how these testsare used for soft ground site exploration refer to Ladd and DeGroot.(1)45.3 The peak undrained shear resistance of the vane test is commonly corrected to determine the undrained shear strength forgeotechnical analysis. The
40、agency requesting the testing must interpret these data to determine applicability for strength analysis.It is beyond the scope of this standard to recommend applicability of vane testing for geotechnical analysis. For information onthe general use of these correction factors, consult Appendix X1.5.
41、4 This method is not applicable in unsaturated soils or in non-plastic silts, sands, gravels, or other high permeability soils.Withthe shearing rates described in this standard, sand lenses, if present, will allow total or partial drainage. Soils Unsaturated soils andsoils with higher permeability,
42、in rapid shear, can dilate or collapse and generate negative or positive pore pressures which may,or may not, dissipate in the shearing process. It is important to check the soil type being tested. It is very beneficial to sample thesoil either before or after testing, to understand the drainage con
43、ditions (permeability) of the soil tested.5.5 This test is often performed in drilled boreholes or with self-push or self-drilling or pushed (vane shoe) methods. Thismethod also applies to hand held vane shear tests performed at shallow depths, however, hand held equipment may be less accurate,becau
44、se it may be more difficult to maintain vane/rod stability and verticality.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D374
45、0 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Usersof this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;Standard Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those fact
46、ors.6. Apparatus6.1 VaneThe vane shall consist of a A four-bladed vane as illustrated in Fig. 1. Vanes are normally constructed of steel.Different alloys of steel such as nickel-chromium, or steel treatment processes such as hardening, can be used to reduce bladethickness. The ends of the vane may b
47、e flat or tapered. Vane dimensions are as follows with notation from Fig. 1.Vane Diameter, D: 35 to 100 mm (1.5 to 4 in.)Vane Diameter, D: 35 to 100 mm 1.4 to 4 in.Vane Shaft Diameter, d: 12.5 to 16.5 mm (0.5 in.)Vane Shaft Diameter, d: 12.5 to 16.5 mm 0.5 to 0.6 in.Vane Height, H: 1D # H # 2.5DTape
48、r Angle, i: usually 0 (rectangular) or 45 degrees (tapered)6.1.1 For good torque resolution, select a vane diameter that is large enough to provide optimum torque resolution. The size ofthe vane selected should be the largest suitable for the anticipated conditions to be encountered. The diameter se
49、lected is directlyrelated to the consistency of the soil being tested. For softer soils, larger sizes are required for good resolution. In vane diameters,75 to 100 mm 3 to 4 in. are recommended and in stiffer soils, smaller vanes vane diameters, 35 to 50 mm 1.5 to 2 in. are requiredto avoid damage to the torque measurement device (6.2). When used in drill holes, the maximum vane size is dependent on theinside diameter of the boring or casing.6.1.2 Blade ThicknessMaximum blade thickness is limited to e 5 %recommends the following express
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