1、Designation: D 2646 05Standard Test Methods forBacking Fabric Characteristics of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the procedures listed asfollows for testing woven, knitted and nonwoven backingfabrics designed
3、for use in the manufacture of pile yarn floorcoverings. The procedures appear in the following order:SectionBow and Skewness of Woven Fabrics 8Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics 15Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics 16Extractable Matter 9Fabric Count of Woven Fabrics
4、 12Fabric Count of Knitted Fabrics 13Length of Woven Fabrics 11Mass per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabrics 14ShrinkageHot Wet Method 17ShrinkageHot Dry Method 18Width of Woven Fabrics 101.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values in inch-pound units are provided asin
5、formation only and are not exact equivalents. In case ofreferee decisions, the SI units will prevail.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and hea
6、lth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD 3773 Test Methods for Len
7、gth of Woven FabricD 3774 Test Methods for Width of Woven FabricsD 3775 Test Method for Fabric Count of Woven FabricD 3776 Test Methods for Mass per Unit Area (Weight) ofFabricD 3882 Test Method for Bow and Skews in Woven andKnitted FabricsD 3887 Specification for Tolerances for Knitted FabricsD 503
8、4 Test Methods for Breaking Force and Elongation ofTextile Fabrics (Grab Test)D 5684 Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Covering3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to Pile Floor Coverings,D13.21, refer to Terminology D 5684.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:back
9、ing fabric, carpet, dents per unit width, extractable matter,finished, finished pile yarn floor covering, floor covering,nonwoven fabric, pile, pile yarn floor covering, shrinkage,textile floor covering, tufted fabric, wale, wires per unit width.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, ref
10、er toTerminology D 123.4. Summary of Test Methods, General4.1 A summary of the directions prescribed for the determi-nation of specific properties is stated in the appropriate sectionsof specific test methods.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test methods may be used for acceptance testingof commerci
11、al shipments; however, caution is advised becauseinformation about between interlaboratory precision is incom-plete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparat
12、ive tests should be performed to determine if there isstatistical bias between them using competent statistical assis-tance. As a minimum, use test samples for such comparativetests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the samelot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparater
13、esults during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned inequal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test resultsfrom the laboratories should be compared using statistical testfor unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to thetesting series. If a bias is found either its cause
14、 must be foundand corrected, or future test results for that material must beadjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 These test methods are useful to evaluate quality andcost control during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
15、mittee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile FloorCoverings.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originallyapproved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 2646 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
16、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.
17、3 The significance and uses of particular properties andtest methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of thespecified test methods.6. Sampling6.1 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of rolls or pieces, as directed in anapplicable material specification
18、 or other agreement betweenthe purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or pieces ofmaterial to be the primary sampling units. In the absence ofsuch agreement, take one roll or piece from the lot to be tested.NOTE 1An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the suppl
19、ier requires taking into account the variabilitybetween rolls or pieces of floor covering and between specimens from aroll or pieces of floor covering to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.6.2 Laboratory Sample
20、For acceptance testing, take asample from a roll approximately 1.5 m (1.5 yd) long extend-ing the width of the material from each roll or piece in the lot,unless otherwise specified in the specific test method. For rollsof floor covering, take a sample that will exclude fabric fromthe outer wrap of
21、the roll or the inner wrap around the core.6.3 Test SpecimensFrom each laboratory sampling unit,take three specimens with the longer direction parallel to themachine direction, unless otherwise specified in the specifictest method. Consider the long direction as the direction of test.7. Conditioning
22、7.1 Condition the specimens as directed in Practice D 1776in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles, which is 21 61C (70 6 2F) and 65 6 2 % relative humidity, for 24 h oruntil the specimen mass changes no more than 0.1 % in 2 h,except the specimens used for the determination of bow andskew (Se
23、ction 8), width (Section 10), length (Section 11), andfabric count (Section 12), which may be tested without eitherpreconditioning or conditioning. Specimens for the tests listedmay be merely air-dried under prevailing room conditions.NOTE 2Using these conditions may not result in the product obtain
24、ingmoisture and temperature equilibrium.TEST METHODS8. Bow and Skewness in Woven and Knitted Fabrics8.1 Determine the bow and skewness of backing fabrics forpile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test Method D 3882.9. Extractable Matter9.1 Determine the extractable matter that was added to theback
25、ing fabric for pile yarn floor covering as directed in TestMethod D 2257.10. Width of Woven Fabrics10.1 Determine the width of woven backing fabrics for pileyarn floor coverings as directed in Test Methods D 3774. Thechoice of the test options of measurement in determining widthshall be agreed upon
26、between the purchaser and the supplier.10.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D 3887.11. Length of Woven Fabrics11.1 Determine the length of woven fabrics used as backingfabrics in pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test MethodsD 3773. The choice of the test options of measurement inde
27、termining the fabric length shall be agreed upon between thepurchaser and the supplier.11.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D 3887.12. Fabric Count of Woven Fabrics12.1 Determine the fabric count for woven backing fabricsfor pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test MethodD 3775.13. Fa
28、bric Count of Knitted Fabrics13.1 Determine the fabric count for knitted backing fabricsfor pile yarn floor coverings as directed in Test MethodD 3887.14. Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Woven Fabrics14.1 Determine the mass per unit area (weight) of wovenfabric for backing fabrics for pile yarn floor
29、 coverings asdirected in Test Methods D 3776.14.2 For knitted fabrics, refer to Test Method D 3887.15. Breaking Force of Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics15.1 Determine the breaking force of woven and nonwovenbacking fabrics, of pile yarn floor coverings as directed in TestMethods D 5034 using a constant-r
30、ate-of-extension (CRE)type tensile testing machine with the speed of the pulling jaw300 6 10 mm/min (12 6 0.5 in./min).16. Breaking Force After Tufting of Woven andNonwoven Fabrics16.1 Determine the breaking force of woven and nonwovenbacking fabrics of pile yarn floor coverings as directed in TestM
31、ethods D 5034 using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)type tensile testing machine with the speed of the pulling jaw300 6 10 mm/min (12 6 0.5 in./min).NOTE 3The tuft conditions with respect to pile height, gage, stitchesper millimetre (stitches per inch), pile yarn characteristics, and tuftingneedle
32、s style must be agreed upon by all parties concerned. Usingagreed-upon conditions, tuft sufficient backing fabric to secure therequired number of test specimens.17. ShrinkageHot Wet Method17.1 Scope:17.1.1 This test method determines the shrinkage of woven,nonwoven, or knitted backing fabrics for pi
33、le yarn floorcovering after exposure to hot wet conditions.17.2 Summary of Test Method:17.2.1 The backing fabric warp yarns and filling picks arefirst measured to a specific length. The fabric then is immersedin hot distilled or deionized water and remeasured. Theshrinkage is calculated as the chang
34、e in length expressed as apercentage of the length before immersion.17.3 Significance and Use:17.3.1 Test Methods D 2646 for testing backing fabricshrinkage in hot wet conditions is considered satisfactory forD2646052acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric becausethe test method has bee
35、n used extensively in the trade for thatpurpose.17.4 Apparatus:17.4.1 Metal or Glass Pan, approximately 330 by 330 mm(13 by 13 in.) by 25 mm (1 in.) deep.17.4.2 Circulating Air Oven, controlled at 70 6 2C (158 64F).17.4.3 Staple Gun, such as those used for stapling stationeryor any other device that
36、 will produce a suitable waterproofmark.17.4.4 Reagent, anionic wetting agent such as sodium laurylsulphate.17.5 Number of Specimens:17.5.1 Take three specimens approximately 300 by 300 mm(12 by 12 in.). Take no specimen closer than 250 mm (10 in.)to the selvage and no closer than 1 m (yd) from the
37、end of theroll. For woven fabrics take no specimen containing the samewarp yarns or the same filling picks and cut all specimensparallel to the warp and the filling.17.6 Preparation of Specimens:17.6.1 Lay out the specimens without tension on a flat,horizontal surface, taking care that there are no
38、wrinkles orcreases. Place a staple in the specimen or a waterproof markabout 25 mm (1 in.) on it from one edge. Measure 250 6 2mm(10 6 0.1 in.) directly along one principle direction of thespecimen and place a second staple or mark. Repeat thisprocedure along the other principle direction.17.7 Proce
39、dure:17.7.1 Place the specimens in the pan and cover them witha solution of 0.1 % wetting agent in distilled or deionized waterat 77 6 2C (170 6 4F) to a depth of approximately 25 mm(1 in.), and soak the specimens for 1 h.17.7.2 Drain off the wetting solution. Place the specimenson paper towels or b
40、lotting paper to remove the excesssolution. Do not squeeze or press.17.7.3 Place the specimens flat on a screen and dry in anoven for at least4hat706 2C (158 6 4F). Remove thespecimens from the oven and recondition as directed inPractice D 1776. Remeasure the specimens in both directionsas directed
41、in 22.1.17.8 Calculation:17.8.1 Average the measurements of the distance betweenthe marks for each direction of the specimen before and aftertreatment. Calculate the shrinkage in percent by Eq 1 and Eq 2as follows:Shrinkage, % 5 L12 Lf!/L1# 3 100 (1)Shrinkage, % 5 W12 Wf!/W1# 3 100 (2)where:L1= aver
42、age original length,Lf= average final length,W1= average original width, andWf= average final width.17.9 Report:17.9.1 State that the tests were performed as directed in TestMethods D 2646 for shrinkage to hot wet conditions and reportthe following information:17.9.2 The shrinkage in the form of shr
43、inkage or growth,and17.9.3 The percent change in length and in width for eachlaboratory sample.17.10 Precision and Bias:17.10.1 PrecisionBased on limited information fromwithin (one) laboratory, two technicians, the repeatabilitystandard deviation and the 95 % repeatability limits are ap-proximately
44、 0.153 and 0.429 respectively. The intermediateprecision standard deviations and the 95 % intermediate pre-cision limits are approximately 0.197 and 0.552 respectively.17.10.2 BiasThe procedure for shrinkagehot wetmethod for backing fabrics of pile yarn floor coverings has noknown bias and may be us
45、ed for referee purposes.18. ShrinkageHot Dry Method18.1 Scope:18.1.1 This test method determines the shrinkage of woven,nonwoven, or knitted backing fabrics for pile yarn floorcovering after exposure to hot dry conditions.18.2 Summary of Test Method:18.2.1 The backing fabric warp yarns and filling p
46、icks arefirst measured to a specific length. The fabric is then exposedto dry heat and remeasured. The shrinkage is calculated as thechange in length expressed as a percentage of the length beforeexposure.18.3 Significance and Use:18.3.1 Test Methods D 2646 for testing backing fabricshrinkage in hot
47、 dry conditions is considered satisfactory foracceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric becausethe test method has been used extensively in the trade for thatpurpose.18.4 Apparatus:18.4.1 Circulating Air Oven, maintained at specified tem-perature within 6 2C (6 4F).18.4.2 Staple Gun, such
48、 as those used for stapling stationeryor any other device that will produce a suitable waterproofmark.18.5 Number of Specimens:18.5.1 Take three specimens as directed in 17.5.1.18.6 Preparation of Specimens:18.6.1 Prepare specimens as directed in 17.6.1.18.7 Procedure:18.7.1 Place the specimens on a
49、 perforated shelf in an ovencontrolled at a specified or agreed-upon temperature within 62C (6 4F) and heat for 15 min. In the absence of a specifiedor agreed-upon temperature, use 125 6 2C (257 6 4F).18.7.2 Remove specimens from the oven and condition asdirected in Test Method D 1776.18.7.3 Remeasure the specimens as directed in 17.6.1.18.8 Calculation:18.8.1 Calculate the results as directed in 17.8.1.18.9 Report:18.9.1 Report the information and results as directed in17.9.D264605318.10 Precision and Bias3:18.10.1 PrecisionBased on limited informat
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