1、Designation: D 2687 95 (Reapproved 2001)Standard Practices forSampling Particulate Ion-Exchange Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices2cover procedures for obtaining repre-sentative samples of ion-exchange materials. The followingpractices a
3、re included:SectionsPractice ASampling from a Single Package andMultiple Package Lots or Shipments 4 to 10Practice BSampling from Fixed Bed Ion-ExchangeEquipment Having Unrestricted Head Room 11 to 15Practice CSampling from Fixed Bed Ion-ExchangeEquipment Having Restricted Head Room 16 to 211.2 This
4、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents
5、2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain terms in these practices that relateto ion exchange are defined in Terminology D 1129.PRACTICE ASAMPLING FROM A SINGLEPACKAGE AND MULTIPLE PACKAGE LOTS ORSHIPMENT4. Summary of Practice4.1 A hollow, sample-pr
6、obe guide that is comprised ofmating threaded sections and that can be extended to anyconvenient length by the addition of more sections, is insertedinto an ion-exchange unit. A sampling tube is inserted throughthe probe guide and is connected to a vacuum source. Ion-exchange material is removed by
7、eduction. A core sampler alsomay be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice will be used most frequently to samplematerials as received from the manufacturer in the originalshipping container and prior to any resin-conditioning proce-dure. Since certain ion-exchange materials are supplied by t
8、hemanufacturer in the dry or free-flowing state whereas others aresupplied moist, it is necessary to employ two different sam-pling devices. Therefore, this practice is divided into SamplingProcedureDry or Free-Flowing Material, and SamplingProcedureMoist Material.5.2 Once the sample is obtained, it
9、 is necessary to protectthe ion-exchange materials from changes. Samples should beplaced in sealable, gasproof containers immediately.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling Devices, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.46.2 Sealable, Gasproof Containers, for sample storage.6.3 Sample Quartering MaterialsA 0.5 by 0.5 m (
10、20 by20 in.) sheet of glazed paper, oil cloth, or flexible plastic film.7. Kind and Number of Samples7.1 For a representative sample from a single package, aminimum of three probes or increments should be taken withthe sampling device.7.2 For a representative sample from a multiple package lotor shi
11、pment:7.2.1 If the markings on the package indicate the material tobe sampled is from a single lot (batch or manufacturing run),the number of packages selected shall be not less than 10 % ofthe packages received. When less than 30 packages arereceived, a minimum of three packages shall be chosen atr
12、andom for sampling. If a single lot contains more than 30packages and the order of filling is designated on the packages,the first, last, and middle packages shall be sampled. If theresults of the analysis of these three samples agree within thelimits of precision of the test methods used, further s
13、amplesfrom the lot need not be taken. If they are not in agreement,additional samples may be taken at the option of the partiesconcerned. When the entire shipment oran entire lot consists of1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand are the direct responsibility of
14、 Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and IonExchange Materials.Current edition approved April 15, 1995. Published June 1995. Originallypublished as D 2687 68 T. Last previous edition D 2687 84 (1990).2These practices were developed from activities withinASTM Committee D-19.3Annual Book of ASTM Standard
15、s, Vol 11.01.4The sampling device described in Fig. 2 is the same as that used in ASTMMethods C 183, Sampling Hydraulic Cement, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol14.01.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.three packages or
16、 less, a sample shall be taken from eachpackage. The number of samples taken with the samplingdevice should not be less than three per individual package.7.2.2 If the shipment consists of more than one lot (batch ormanufacturing run) of material, sample each lot separately asin 7.2.1. For a represen
17、tative sample of the entire shipment, thenumber of packages sampled per lot should be in the same ratioas the number of packages of that lot in the entire shipment.For example, if the shipment consists of 40 drums of lot x and60 drums of lot y, sample four drums of lot x and six drums oflot y.8. Sam
18、pling ProcedureDry or Free-Flowing Material8.1 If the ion-exchange material is dry or free-flowing andcontained in a drum:8.1.1 Rock the drum slightly from several sides for uniformpacking and open.8.1.2 The points chosen for probing on the surface shouldlie on a circle approximately two thirds the
19、diameter of thedrum and uniformly spaced.8.1.3 Rotate the inner tube of the sampling device (Fig. 2)tothe closed position, and thrust the sampling device to thebottom of the drum.8.1.4 Rotate the inner tube to the open position and collectthe sample by moving the top of the sampling device in a circ
20、le(about 75 to 150 mm (3 to 6 in.) in diameter) several times withthe open sections forward.8.1.5 Rotate the inner tube to the closed position andremove the sampling device from the drum.NOTE 1The sharp point of the sampling device may pierce the drumliner. Have the point rounded slightly (by grindi
21、ng, filing, etc.).NOTE 2Corrosion may occur after only a few months on this type ofsampling device and will render it unsuitable for resin sampling.8.1.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.8.1.7 Repeat 8.1.3 through 8.1.6 until sufficient sample isobtained.Aminimum of three probes or incre
22、ments is required.If the sample obtained is larger than required, reduce thesample using the quartering techniques given in 10.1.8.1.8 Seal the sample container and affix label as outlined inSection 11.8.1.9 Alternatively, the sampling tube (Fig. 1) may be usedfor sampling dry or free-flowing resin.
23、 Follow procedure givenin Section 9. Loss of resin from the bottom of the sampler mayoccur and cause bias in the sample.8.2 If the ion-exchange material is dry or free-flowing andthe outer package is a bag:8.2.1 Transfer the contents of the bag to a drum which hasa diameter less than its height and
24、will hold the entire contentsof the bag.8.2.2 Proceed in accordance with 8.1.NOTE 3The sampling device (Fig. 2) can allow resin entering theupper openings to fall into the bottom portion of the device, therebybiasing the sample.9. Sampling ProcedureMoist Material9.1 If the ion-exchange material is m
25、oist and contained in adrum:9.1.1 Upend the drum and allow to stand 16 h (overnight) toredistribute any excess water that may be present.9.1.2 Right drum, rock it slightly from several sides foruniform packing and open.9.1.3 The points chosen for probing on the surface shouldlie on a circle approxim
26、ately two thirds of the diameter of thedrum.9.1.4 Rapidly thrust the sampling tube (Fig. 1) to the bottomof the drum.9.1.5 Withdraw the sampling device.9.1.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.9.1.7 Repeat 9.1.4 through 9.1.6 until sufficient sample isobtained.Aminimum of three probes or i
27、ncrements is required.If the sample obtained is larger than required, reduce thesample using the quartering technique given in 10.1.9.1.8 Seal the sample container and affix label as outlined inSection 11.9.2 If the ion-exchange material is moist and the outerpackage is a bag:9.2.1 Transfer the cont
28、ents of the bag to a drum that has adiameter less than its height and will hold the entire contents ofthe bag.9.2.2 Proceed in accordance with 9.1.10. Quartering Procedure10.1 Using a sheet of glazed paper, oil cloth, or flexibleplastic film:10.1.1 Empty the sample container into the center of thesh
29、eet.10.1.2 Flatten out the sample gently with the palm of thehand until the ion-exchange material is approximately 25 mm(1 in.) thick.10.1.3 Remix the sample by lifting a corner of the sheet anddrawing it across, low down, to the opposite corner in a mannerthat the material is made to roll over and
30、over and does notmerely slide along. Continue operation with each corner,proceeding in a clockwise direction. Repeat this operationthree times.10.1.4 Lift all four corners of the sheet towards the centerand holding all four corners together, raise the entire sheet intothe air to form a pocket for th
31、e ion-exchange material.10.1.5 Repeat 10.1.2.FIG. 1 51-mm (2-in.) Inside Diameter Plastic Tube with 2.4-mm(332-in.) Wall Thickness Ion-Exchanger Sampling TubeNOTE 1This device shall be between 1.2 and 1.5 m (4 and 5 ft) longand about 35 mm (138 in.) in outside diameter. It shall consist of twopolish
32、ed brass telescopic tubes with registering slots which are opened orclosed by rotation of the inner tube, the outer tube being provided with apoint to facilitate penetrationFIG. 2 Slotted Tube Sample for Ion-Exchange ResinsD 2687 95 (2001)210.1.6 With a straightedge at least as long as the flattened
33、mound of ion-exchange material (such as a thin edged yardstick) gently divide the sample into quarters. An effort shouldbe made to avoid using pressure on the straightedge sufficientto cause damage to particles of ion-exchange material.10.1.7 Discard alternate quarters.10.1.8 If further reduction of
34、 sample size is necessary,repeat 10.1.3 through 10.1.7. A minimum 1-litre sample isrequired for complete analysis.11. Sample Labeling11.1 Immediately upon placing each sample in its samplecontainer, affix a label, cardboard, or linen tag to the container.11.2 Note the following information on the la
35、bel or tag assoon as it becomes available. If this information is toovoluminous for inclusion on the label or tag, forward it in aseparate letter with appropriate cross reference with the iden-tification on the sample container:11.2.1 Name of company manufacturing the material.11.2.2 Manufacturers p
36、roduct name,11.2.3 Type of material and ionic form, if known,11.2.4 Location where material was sampled, includingcompany name and complete address,11.2.5 Date and time of sampling,11.2.6 Approximate age of ion-exchange material, ifknown,11.2.7 Number of cycles,11.2.8 Throughput volume, litres per c
37、ubic metre (gallonsper cubic foot),11.2.9 Type of service or application,11.2.10 Reason for sampling, and11.2.11 Signature and title of sampler.PRACTICE BSAMPLING FROM FIXED BED ION-EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT HAVING UNRESTRICTEDHEAD ROOM12. Significance and Use12.1 The purpose of this practice, “to obtain a
38、 representativesample from an ion-exchange unit,” implies further testing willbe performed on the sample obtained.12.2 If information as to the operation of a particularion-exchange unit is desired, sampling of the resin at the end ofthe regeneration cycle will yield a sample from which moreinformat
39、ion can be obtained than from an exhausted sample.Analysis of ion-exchange materials in the regenerated formwill permit a determination of the efficiency of regenerationunder plant conditions, a determination of metallic, organic orsiliceous residues which are not removed in normal plantregeneration
40、, and particularly in the case of mixed bed systems,will detect such problems as insufficient mixing and backwash-ing.12.3 This practice will not retrieve ion-exchange materialfrom the bottom 50 mm (2 in.) of a unit without subfill(supporting bed).12.4 In this practice, the sample is taken in the re
41、generatedform. However, in cases where the sample will be completelyreconditioned before analysis, the selection of a point in theoperating cycle for sampling is not critical. In this case, theportion of 14.1 and 14.2 relating to conversion of the ion-exchange material to the regenerated form may be
42、 omitted.12.5 The sampling procedure outlined in this practice willbe difficult in locations with restricted head room above theion-exchange unit.13. Apparatus13.1 Sampling Device, as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 4, andFig. 5.513.2 Containers, sealable, gas-proof, for sample storage.14. Preparation
43、 for Sampling14.1 For units containing a physical mixture of cation andanion-exchange resin, backwash the bed following exhaustion,regenerate, rinse, and air mix as in normal operating proce-dures.14.2 For all other units, backwash the bed following ex-haustion, regenerate, and rinse as in normal op
44、erating proce-dure.14.3 Open access opening on top of ion-exchange equip-ment. Drain water, just to the top of the bed.14.3.1 CautionIf the ion-exchange unit has been operat-ing at temperatures above 100C (212F) it should be cooledprior to opening to avoid flashing.15. Sampling Procedure15.1 Select
45、a minimum of 6 points evenly spaced, and ifpossible, on a circle approximately two thirds the diameter ofthe bed.15.2 Thrust the sampling rod (Fig. 3) through the ion-exchange material until the subfill or bed support can be felt.NOTE 4Caution: Care should be exercised not to damage internalparts, e
46、specially in the case of interfacial distributors in mixed bed units.15.3 With a gentle up and down motion, slip the samplingtube (Fig. 1) over the top of the sample rod and through theion-exchange material to seat on the upper conical stopper(Fig. 6).15.4 Pull up on the rod to withdraw the sample t
47、ube.15.5 Check to make certain the tube is filled. It may takeseveral attempts to perfect this technique and obtain a fullsample tube.15.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.15.7 Repeat steps 15.2 through 15.6 until sufficient sampleis obtained (a minimum of 6 probes or increments is requi
48、red).15.8 Alternatively, a core sampler (Fig. 5) may be used toobtain the minimum six increments at points located accordingto 15.1. The sampler must reach to within the bottom 50 mm (2in.) of the ion-exchange bed.15.9 Seal the sample container.15.10 If the sample obtained is larger than required, r
49、educethe sample using the quartering technique given in Section 10.16. Sample Labeling16.1 Immediately upon placing each sample in its samplecontainer, affix a label or tag to the container with the5The Bead Thief (TM) Core Sampler has beeen found to be satisfactory.Available from IX Sevices Company, 1102 Holly St., Las Cruces, NM, 88005.D 2687 95 (2001)3FIG. 3 Sampling RodD 2687 95 (2001)4information specified in 11.2. If this information is too volu-minous for inclusion on the label or tag, forward it in a separateletter with appropriate cross-reference wi
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