1、Designation: D 2687 95 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Practices forSampling Particulate Ion-Exchange Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEWarning notes were moved into the standard text editorially in January 2008.1. Scope1.1 These practices2cover procedures for o
3、btaining repre-sentative samples of ion-exchange materials. The followingpractices are included:SectionsPractice ASampling from a Single Package andMultiple Package Lots or Shipments 4 to 11Practice BSampling from Fixed Bed Ion-ExchangeEquipment Having Unrestricted Head Room 12 to 16Practice CSampli
4、ng from Fixed Bed Ion-ExchangeEquipment Having Restricted Head Room 17 to 211.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determi
5、ne the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing ofHydraulic CementD 1129 Terminology Relating to Water3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsCertain terms in these practices that relateto ion exchange
6、 are defined in Terminology D 1129.PRACTICE ASAMPLING FROM A SINGLEPACKAGE AND MULTIPLE PACKAGE LOTS ORSHIPMENTS4. Summary of Practice4.1 A hollow, sample-probe guide that is comprised ofmating threaded sections and that can be extended to anyconvenient length by the addition of more sections, is in
7、sertedinto an ion-exchange unit. A sampling tube is inserted throughthe probe guide and is connected to a vacuum source. Ion-exchange material is removed by eduction.Acore sampler alsomay be used.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice will be used most frequently to samplematerials as received fro
8、m the manufacturer in the originalshipping container and prior to any resin-conditioning proce-dure. Since certain ion-exchange materials are supplied by themanufacturer in the dry or free-flowing state whereas others aresupplied moist, it is necessary to employ two different sam-pling devices. Ther
9、efore, this practice is divided into SamplingProcedureDry or Free-Flowing Material (Section 8), andSampling ProcedureMoist Material (Section 9).5.2 Once the sample is obtained, it is necessary to protectthe ion-exchange materials from changes. Samples should beplaced in sealable, gasproof containers
10、 immediately.6. Apparatus6.1 Sampling Devices, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.NOTE 1The sampling devised described in Fig. 2 is the same as thatused in Practice C 183.6.2 Sealable, Gasproof Containers, for sample storage.6.3 Sample Quartering MaterialsA 0.5 by 0.5 m (20 by20 in.) sheet of glazed pape
11、r, oil cloth, or flexible plastic film.7. Kind and Number of Samples7.1 For a representative sample from a single package, aminimum of three probes or increments should be taken withthe sampling device.7.2 For a representative sample from a multiple package lotor shipment:7.2.1 If the markings on th
12、e package indicate the material tobe sampled is from a single lot (batch or manufacturing run),the number of packages selected shall be not less than 10 % ofthe packages received. When less than 30 packages arereceived, a minimum of three packages shall be chosen atrandom for sampling. If a single l
13、ot contains more than 30packages and the order of filling is designated on the packages,the first, last, and middle packages shall be sampled. If the1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Waterand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion
14、Exchange Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2687 95 (2001).2These practices were developed from activities within ASTM Committee D19.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
15、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Cop
16、yright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 15 22:09:19 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.results of the analysis of these three samples agree within thelimits of precision of the test methods used, further samples
17、from the lot need not be taken. If they are not in agreement,additional samples may be taken at the option of the partiesconcerned. When the entire shipment oran entire lot consists ofthree packages or less, a sample shall be taken from eachpackage. The number of samples taken with the samplingdevic
18、e should not be less than three per individual package.7.2.2 If the shipment consists of more than one lot (batch ormanufacturing run) of material, sample each lot separately asin 7.2.1. For a representative sample of the entire shipment, thenumber of packages sampled per lot should be in the same r
19、atioas the number of packages of that lot in the entire shipment.For example, if the shipment consists of 40 drums of lot x and60 drums of lot y, sample four drums of lot x and six drums oflot y.8. Sampling ProcedureDry or Free-Flowing Material8.1 If the ion-exchange material is dry or free-flowing
20、andcontained in a drum:8.1.1 Rock the drum slightly from several sides for uniformpacking and open.8.1.2 The points chosen for probing on the surface shouldlie on a circle approximately two thirds the diameter of thedrum and uniformly spaced.8.1.3 Rotate the inner tube of the sampling device (Fig. 2
21、)tothe closed position, and thrust the sampling device to thebottom of the drum.8.1.4 Rotate the inner tube to the open position and collectthe sample by moving the top of the sampling device in a circle(about 75 to 150 mm (3 to 6 in.) in diameter) several times withthe open sections forward.8.1.5 R
22、otate the inner tube to the closed position andremove the sampling device from the drum.NOTE 2The sharp point of the sampling device may pierce the drumliner. Have the point rounded slightly (by grinding, filing, etc.).NOTE 3Corrosion may occur after only a few months on this type ofsampling device
23、and will render it unsuitable for resin sampling.8.1.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.8.1.7 Repeat 8.1.3 through 8.1.6 until sufficient sample isobtained.Aminimum of three probes or increments is required.If the sample obtained is larger than required, reduce thesample using the quarte
24、ring techniques given in 10.1.8.1.8 Seal the sample container and affix label as outlined inSection 11.8.1.9 Alternatively, the sampling tube (Fig. 1) may be usedfor sampling dry or free-flowing resin. Follow procedure givenin Section 9. Loss of resin from the bottom of the sampler mayoccur and caus
25、e bias in the sample.8.2 If the ion-exchange material is dry or free-flowing andthe outer package is a bag:8.2.1 Transfer the contents of the bag to a drum which hasa diameter less than its height and will hold the entire contentsof the bag.8.2.2 Proceed in accordance with 8.1.NOTE 4The sampling dev
26、ice (Fig. 2) can allow resin entering theupper openings to fall into the bottom portion of the device, therebybiasing the sample.9. Sampling ProcedureMoist Material9.1 If the ion-exchange material is moist and contained in adrum:9.1.1 Upend the drum and allow to stand 16 h (overnight) toredistribute
27、 any excess water that may be present.9.1.2 Right drum, rock it slightly from several sides foruniform packing and open.9.1.3 The points chosen for probing on the surface shouldlie on a circle approximately two thirds of the diameter of thedrum.9.1.4 Rapidly thrust the sampling tube (Fig. 1) to the
28、bottomof the drum.9.1.5 Withdraw the sampling device.9.1.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.9.1.7 Repeat 9.1.4 through 9.1.6 until sufficient sample isobtained.Aminimum of three probes or increments is required.If the sample obtained is larger than required, reduce thesample using the qu
29、artering technique given in 10.1.9.1.8 Seal the sample container and affix label as outlined inSection 11.9.2 If the ion-exchange material is moist and the outerpackage is a bag:9.2.1 Transfer the contents of the bag to a drum that has adiameter less than its height and will hold the entire contents
30、 ofthe bag.9.2.2 Proceed in accordance with 9.1.10. Quartering Procedure10.1 Using a sheet of glazed paper, oil cloth, or flexibleplastic film:10.1.1 Empty the sample container into the center of thesheet.10.1.2 Flatten out the sample gently with the palm of thehand until the ion-exchange material i
31、s approximately 25 mm(1 in.) thick.10.1.3 Remix the sample by lifting a corner of the sheet anddrawing it across, low down, to the opposite corner in a mannerthat the material is made to roll over and over and does notmerely slide along. Continue operation with each corner,proceeding in a clockwise
32、direction. Repeat this operationthree times.FIG. 1 51-mm (2-in.) Inside Diameter Plastic Tube with 2.4-mm(332-in.) Wall Thickness Ion-Exchanger Sampling TubeNOTE 1This device shall be between 1.2 and 1.5 m (4 and 5 ft) longand about 35 mm (138 in.) in outside diameter. It shall consist of twopolishe
33、d brass telescopic tubes with registering slots which are opened orclosed by rotation of the inner tube, the outer tube being provided with apoint to facilitate penetrationFIG. 2 Slotted Tube Sample for Ion-Exchange ResinsD 2687 95 (2007)e12Copyright by ASTM Intl (all rights reserved); Tue Apr 15 22
34、:09:19 EDT 2008Downloaded/printed byGuo Dehua (CNIS) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.10.1.4 Lift all four corners of the sheet towards the centerand holding all four corners together, raise the entire sheet intothe air to form a pocket for the ion-exchange material
35、.10.1.5 Repeat 10.1.2.10.1.6 With a straightedge at least as long as the flattenedmound of ion-exchange material (such as a thin edged yardstick) gently divide the sample into quarters. An effort shouldbe made to avoid using pressure on the straightedge sufficientto cause damage to particles of ion-
36、exchange material.10.1.7 Discard alternate quarters.10.1.8 If further reduction of sample size is necessary,repeat 10.1.3 through 10.1.7. A minimum 1-litre sample isrequired for complete analysis.11. Sample Labeling11.1 Immediately upon placing each sample in its samplecontainer, affix a label, card
37、board, or linen tag to the container.11.2 Note the following information on the label or tag assoon as it becomes available. If this information is toovoluminous for inclusion on the label or tag, forward it in aseparate letter with appropriate cross reference with the iden-tification on the sample
38、container:11.2.1 Name of company manufacturing the material.11.2.2 Manufacturers product name,11.2.3 Type of material and ionic form, if known,11.2.4 Location where material was sampled, includingcompany name and complete address,11.2.5 Date and time of sampling,11.2.6 Approximate age of ion-exchang
39、e material, ifknown,11.2.7 Number of cycles,11.2.8 Throughput volume, litres per cubic metre (gallonsper cubic foot),11.2.9 Type of service or application,11.2.10 Reason for sampling, and11.2.11 Signature and title of sampler.PRACTICE BSAMPLING FROM FIXED BED ION-EXCHANGE EQUIPMENT HAVING UNRESTRICT
40、EDHEAD ROOM12. Significance and Use12.1 The purpose of this practice, “to obtain a representativesample from an ion-exchange unit,” implies further testing willbe performed on the sample obtained.12.2 If information as to the operation of a particularion-exchange unit is desired, sampling of the res
41、in at the end ofthe regeneration cycle will yield a sample from which moreinformation can be obtained than from an exhausted sample.Analysis of ion-exchange materials in the regenerated formwill permit a determination of the efficiency of regenerationunder plant conditions, a determination of metall
42、ic, organic orsiliceous residues which are not removed in normal plantregeneration, and particularly in the case of mixed bed systems,will detect such problems as insufficient mixing and backwash-ing.12.3 This practice will not retrieve ion-exchange materialfrom the bottom 50 mm (2 in.) of a unit wi
43、thout subfill(supporting bed).12.4 In this practice, the sample is taken in the regeneratedform. However, in cases where the sample will be completelyreconditioned before analysis, the selection of a point in theoperating cycle for sampling is not critical. In this case, theportion of 14.1 and 14.2
44、relating to conversion of the ion-exchange material to the regenerated form may be omitted.12.5 The sampling procedure outlined in this practice willbe difficult in locations with restricted head room above theion-exchange unit.13. Apparatus13.1 Sampling Device, as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3, Fig. 6, a
45、ndFig. 7.413.2 Containers, sealable, gas-proof, for sample storage.14. Preparation for Sampling14.1 For units containing a physical mixture of cation andanion-exchange resin, backwash the bed following exhaustion,regenerate, rinse, and air mix as in normal operating proce-dures.14.2 For all other un
46、its, backwash the bed following ex-haustion, regenerate, and rinse as in normal operating proce-dure.14.3 Open access opening on top of ion-exchange equip-ment. Drain water, just to the top of the bed. (WarningIf theion-exchange unit has been operating at temperatures above100C (212F) it should be c
47、ooled prior to opening to avoidflashing.)15. Sampling Procedure15.1 Select a minimum of six points evenly spaced, and ifpossible, on a circle approximately two thirds the diameter ofthe bed.15.2 Thrust the sampling rod (Fig. 3) through the ion-exchange material until the subfill or bed support can b
48、e felt.(WarningCare should be exercised not to damage internalparts, especially in the case of interfacial distributors in mixedbed units.)15.3 With a gentle up and down motion, slip the samplingtube (Fig. 1) over the top of the sample rod and through theion-exchange material to seat on the upper co
49、nical stopper(Fig. 4).15.4 Pull up on the rod to withdraw the sample tube.15.5 Check to make certain the tube is filled. It may takeseveral attempts to perfect this technique and obtain a fullsample tube.15.6 Empty the contents into the sample container.15.7 Repeat steps 15.2 through 15.6 until sufficient sampleis obtained (a minimum of six probes or increments isrequired).15.8 Alternatively, a core sampler (Fig. 7) may be used toobtain the minimum six increments at points located according4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at
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