1、Designation: D2699 161Designation: 237/87Standard Test Method forResearch Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTESubsection 7.1.1 was corrected ed
3、itorially in May 2017.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitativedetermination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignitionengine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels thatcontain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test methodmay not be applicable to fuel and fue
4、l components that areprimarily oxygenates.2The sample fuel is tested using astandardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable com-pression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance witha defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is definedby the volumetric composition of PRF
5、blends. The sample fuelknock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends.The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the samplefuel establishes the Research O.N.1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octanenumber but this test method has a working range from 40 to120 Re
6、search O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced forspark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N.range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process streammaterials can produce ratings at various levels throughout theResearch O.N. range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are state
7、d in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in parentheses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements continue to be in inch-pound units only becauseof the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created forthis equipment.1.4 This standard does not pur
8、port to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see Section
9、8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1,Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7,X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principl
10、es for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptaneand I
11、sooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2360 Test Method for Trace Impurities in MonocyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography (With-drawn 2016)4D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engin
12、e Fuels by On-Line Direct Compari-son TechniqueD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of AviationTurbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and Lubricants1This test me
13、thod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous editio
14、n approved in 2015 as D2699 15a. DOI:10.1520/D2699-16E01.2Motor O.N., determined using Test Method D2700, is a companion method toprovide a similar but typically lower octane rating under more severe operatingconditions.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
15、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this
16、standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment
17、of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD5842 Practice for Sampling a
18、nd Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lomet
19、ric Karl Fischer TitrationE344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ANSI Standard:5
20、C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Analog Indicating In-struments2.3 Energy Institute Standard:6IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of LightPetroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colo-rimetric Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves
21、 as anagreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experi-mental work of some national or international organization, or(3) a consensus or certified value, based on co
22、llaborativeexperimental work under the auspices of a scientific orengineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Researchoctane number of specific reference materials determinedempirically under reproducibility condi
23、tions by the NationalExchange Group or another recognized exchange testing orga-nization.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control testing, a spark-ignition engine fuels of selected characteristics having anoctane number accepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determinedby round-robin testing under reproduc
24、ibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder height, nfor the CFR engine, the relativevertical position of the engine cylinder with respect to thepiston at top dead center (tdc) or the top machined surface ofthe crankcase.3.1.3.1 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine,anumerical indication of cylinder hei
25、ght, in thousandths of aninch, indexed to a basic setting at a prescribed compressionpressure when the engine is motored.3.1.3.2 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine,anumerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basicsetting at a prescribed compression pressure when the engine ismot
26、ored.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, nfor knock testing, theanalog signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts theelectrical signal from the detonation pickup and provides anoutput signal for display.3.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nfor knock testing, thedigital signal conditioning instrumenta
27、tion that accepts theelectrical signal from the detonation pickup and provides adigital output for display.3.1.6 detonation pickup, nfor knock testing,amagnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the enginecylinder and is exposed to combustion chamber pressure toprovide an electrical signal t
28、hat is proportional to the rate-of-change of cylinder pressure.3.1.7 dynamic fuel level, nfor knock testing, test proce-dure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensityfor sample and reference fuels is determined using the fallinglevel technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a
29、highor rich mixture condition to a low or lean mixture condition, ata constant rate, causing knock intensity to rise to a maximumand then decrease, thus permitting observation of the maxi-mum knockmeter reading.3.1.8 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test pro-cedure in which the fuel-air r
30、atio for maximum knock intensityfor sample and reference fuels is determined by makingincremental step changes in fuel-air ratio, observing the equi-librium knock intensity for each step, and selecting the levelthat produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.9 firing, nfor the CFR engine, oper
31、ation of the CFRengine with fuel and ignition.3.1.10 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity, nforknock testing, that proportion of fuel to air that produces thehighest knock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit,provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel levellimits.3.1.11
32、 guide tables, n for knock testing, the specificrelationship between cylinder height (compression ratio) andoctane number at standard knock intensity for specific primaryreference fuel blends tested at standard or other specifiedbarometric pressure.3.1.12 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnormal
33、combustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoi-gnition of the air/fuel mixture. D41753.1.13 knock intensity, nfor knock testing, a measure ofthe level of knock.3.1.14 knockmeter, analog, nfor knock testing,the0to100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knockintensity signal
34、 from the analog detonation meter.3.1.15 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing,the0to999division digital indicating meter that displays the knock inten-sity from the digital detonation meter.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
35、6Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K.D2699 16123.1.16 motoring, nfor the CFR engine, operation of theCFR engine without fuel and with the ignition shut off.3.1.17 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel,any one of several numerical indicators of resistan
36、ce to knockobtained by comparison with reference fuels in standardizedengine or vehicle tests. D41753.1.17.1 research octane number, nfor spark-ignition en-gine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained bycomparison of its knock intensity with that of primary refer-ence fuel blends whe
37、n both are tested in a standardized CFRengine operating under the conditions specified in this testmethod.3.1.18 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organiccompound, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement, forexample, various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.19 primary reference fuels, nfor knock
38、testing,isooctane, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures ofisooctane with n-heptane, or blends of tetraethyllead in isooc-tane that define the octane number scale.3.1.19.1 primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane,nthe volume % of isooctane in a blend with n-heptane thatdefines the oc
39、tane number of the blend, isooctane beingassigned as 100 and n-heptane as 0 octane number.3.1.19.2 primary reference fuel blends above 100 octane,nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctanethat define octane numbers above 100 in accordance with anempirically determined relationsh
40、ip.3.1.20 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasu
41、rement system. The material is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D62993.1.21 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same lab
42、oratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.21.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, ashort time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel isunderstood to be not less than the time to obtain at least onerating on another sample fuel betw
43、een them but not so long asto permit any significant change in the sample fuel, testequipment, or environment.3.1.22 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laboratories with different operators usingdifferent eq
44、uipment. E4563.1.23 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity ofthe analog detonation meter expressed in knockmeter divisionsper octane number. (This feature is not a necessary adjustmentin the digital detonation meter.)3.1.24 standard knock intensity, analog, nfor knocktesting, that level of k
45、nock established when a primary refer-ence fuel blend of specific octane number is used in the knocktesting unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with thecylinder height (dial indicator or digital counter reading) set tothe prescribed guide table value. The analog detonation meteris adjust
46、ed to produce an analog knockmeter reading of 50 forthese conditions.3.1.25 standard knock intensity, digital, nfor knocktesting, that level of knock established when a primary refer-ence fuel blend of specific octane number is used in the knocktesting unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio,
47、 with thecylinder height (dial indicator or digital counter reading) set tothe prescribed guide table value. The digital detonation meterwill typically display a peak to peak voltage of approximately0.15 V for these conditions.3.1.26 toluene standardization fuels, nfor knock testing,those volumetric
48、ally proportioned blends of two or more of thefollowing: reference fuel grade toluene, n-heptane, and isooc-tane that have prescribed rating tolerances for O.N.ARVdeter-mined by round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ARV = accepted reference value3.2.2 CFR = Coo
49、perative Fuel Research3.2.3 C.R. = compression ratio3.2.4 IAT = intake air temperature3.2.5 K.I. = knock intensity3.2.6 OA = Octane Analyzer3.2.7 O.N. = octane number3.2.8 PRF = primary reference fuel3.2.9 RTD = resistance thermometer device (E344) plati-num type3.2.10 TSF = toluene standardization fuel4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The Research O.N. of a spark-ignition engine fuel isdetermined using a standard test engine and operating condi-tions to compare its knock characteristic with those of PRFblends of known O.N. Compression ratio and fuel-
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