1、Designation: D2718 00 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Test Methods forStructural Panels in Planar Shear (Rolling Shear)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2718; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEq 2 and Eq 4 were corrected editorially in April 2017.1. Scope1.1 These test methods determine the shear properties ofstr
3、uctural panels associated with shear distortion of the planesparallel to the edge planes of the panels. Both shear strengthand modulus of rigidity may be determined. Primarily, the testsmeasure the planar shear (rolling shear) strength developed inthe plane of the panel.1.2 Structural panels in use
4、include plywood, waferboard,oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and ofwood-based layers.1.3 Two test methods are included:1.3.1 Test Method APlanar shear loaded by plates.1.3.2 Test Method BPlanar shear induced by five-pointbending.1.3.3 The choice of method will be dictated by the purpo
5、seof the test and equipment available.1.3.4 Test Method A, Planar Shear Loaded by PlatesThistest method uses a rectangular panel section adhered betweensteel plates with protruding knife edges to create load at thepanel faces. This test method has been used to develop shearproperties of plywood and
6、oriented strand board for thepurpose of confirming design values. This test method does notproduce pure shear, but the specimen length is prescribed sothat the secondary stresses have a minimum effect. The methoddetermines shear strength and modulus of rigidity.1.3.5 Test Method B, Planar Shear Indu
7、ced by Five-PointBendingPlanar shear stress is induced on the panel whileloaded in bending using two continuous spans. This testmethod determines planar shear strength consistent with panelapplications under transverse loading. This test method is ableto determine shear strength at any moisture cond
8、ition.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This
9、international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (T
10、BT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2395 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials3. Significance and Use3.1 Planar shear (rollin
11、g shear) characteristics of structuralpanels determined by these test methods are essential for therigorous design of various glued wood-panel structuralcomponents, such as box beams, folded plate roofs, andstressed skin panels. Planar shear also may govern the designat low span-depth ratios encount
12、ered in floors subjected to highconcentrated loads, concrete forms at high pouring pressures,and bulk storage structures.3.2 The modulus of rigidity determined from Test MethodAis a composite of the entire specimen acting as a unit. Forplywood panels for which the ratio between the shear moduliof th
13、e plies with grain oriented parallel and perpendicular to theshear forces is known, the rolling shear modulus of theperpendicular plies can be calculated.3.3 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling maycontain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on theknife side of the veneer that a
14、re produced as the knife is forcedthrough the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” todistinguish them from occasional checks that may be formedon the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compressionbar, and from checks caused by drying. Knife checks can havea significant effect on ro
15、lling shear properties in plywood1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1969. Last previous edition approv
16、ed in 2000 as D2718 00 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/D2718-00R11E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Cop
17、yright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internat
18、ional Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1panels and may be of significance in other veneer containingpanels. Test MethodArequires (when applicable) the testing ofmatching specimens having knife checks oriented bot
19、h openand closed wherever possible (see Fig. 1).3.4 To control or define other variables influencing rollingshear, these test methods require determination of moisturecontent, specific gravity, and elapsed time-to-failure. Condi-tioning of test material in controlled atmospheres, determina-tion of d
20、epth of knife checks (when applicable), and determi-nation of percent of wood and plywood glueline failure (whenapplicable) are recommended.4. Control of Moisture Content4.1 The structural panel samples to be tested at specificmoisture contents or equilibrium relative humidities shall beconditioned
21、to approximately constant weight in controlledatmospheric conditions before gluing to plates. For approxi-mating moisture conditions of structural panel used under dryconditions a relative humidity of 65 6 2 % at a temperature of68 6 6F (20 6 3C) is recommended. Specimens shall betested without undu
22、e delay after the adhesive is cured. Testingin similarly controlled atmospheres is recommended whereverpossible.Test Method APlanar Shear Loaded by Plates5. Scope5.1 The specimen having the form of a rectangular flat plateis bonded between steel plates beveled at opposite ends of thespecimen to prov
23、ide knife edges for loading the plate at theface bonded to the specimen. The knife edges project beyondthe ends of the specimen. This test method is conducted byloading the knife edges in compression at a uniform rate whilea suitable gage measures slip between the plates due tospecimen deformation.
24、Shear strength is computed from maxi-mum load, and effective shear modulus for the specimen isdetermined from a plot of load versus slip.5.2 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principl
25、es for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.6. Test Specimen6.1 Specimen thickness shall be that of the material. Speci-mens from material that is expected to vary significantly within
26、the specimen due to growth or manufacturing features or fromother causes shall be 6 in. (15 cm) wide by 18 in. (45 cm) longor larger as shown in Fig. 2. This size is recommended foruniform material as well. However, smaller specimens ofuniform material may be used if these are not less than fourtime
27、s the thickness in width nor twelve times the thickness inlength.6.2 From each sample of panels containing veneer, twomatching specimens shall be cut. Knife edges of loading platesfor one specimen of each matching pair shall be orientedperpendicular to one of the primary panel directions or forplywo
28、od to cause opening of knife checks during test as shownin Fig. 1(a). Knife edges of plates loading the other specimenshall be positioned perpendicular to one of the primary paneldirections or for plywood to cause knife checks to close duringtest as shown in Fig. 1(b). Proper plywood orientation may
29、 bedetermined from check depth specimens described in 16.3.Itmay not be possible to test samples having two or more pliesstressed in rolling shear in both “open” and “closed” orienta-tions if these plies are oriented in opposite directions causing a“checks open” failure regardless of direction of lo
30、ading.6.3 Specimen length and width shall be measured to thenearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm) and thickness to the nearest 0.001(a) Knife Checks Open(b) Knife Checks ClosedFIG. 1 Orientation of Knife Checks in PlywoodNOTE 1The “V” block is supported on a seat that provides rotationabout the axis perpendicu
31、lar to the knife edge only.Metric Equivalentsin. 6 18mm 15 45FIG. 2 Planar (Rolling) Shear Test Using a Dial Gage for Measur-ing Plate SlipD2718 00 (2011)12in. (0.025 mm). When applicable, the direction of knife checksin plies having grain perpendicular to its length shall bedetermined and the speci
32、mens marked for position of knifeedges. At the time specimens are cut matching samples fordetermination of moisture content and specific gravity inaccordance with 16.1 and 16.2 shall be obtained. Whenmeasurement of knife checks is included as discussed in 16.3,a sample for this measurement also may
33、be cut at this time.7. Loading7.1 Figs. 1 and 2 illustrate the specimen and suitable loadingplates and blocks for loading the knife edges of the plates. Thespecimen shall be loaded by steel plates bonded to both facesof the specimen with an adhesive sufficiently rigid to precludecontribution of adhe
34、sive creep to measured deformation. Widthof plates shall be that of the specimen. One end of each plateshall be provided with a knife edge projecting14 in. (6 mm)beyond the end of the specimen at one end and flush with thesurface glued to the specimen. The other end of the plate shallbe square and f
35、lush with the end of the specimen. Knife edgesof the two plates shall be at opposite ends of the specimen andshall be oriented to load the specimen in the desired directionin relation to the knife checks. Planar shear properties ofstructural panels should be determined in both directions.Plates for
36、specimens 18 in. (45 cm) long shall be 1 in. (2.5 cm)thick. The thickness of plates for shorter specimens may bereduced proportionately. Loading of at least one V-block shallprovide for uniform load distribution along the knife edge byloading through a pivot having its axis perpendicular to theknife
37、 edge and centered along it. Pivots permitting rotationabout an axis parallel to the knife edge or spherical seats freeto pivot in this manner shall not be used as they create unstableloading which may cause violent ejection of the specimen fromthe machine and hazard to operating personnel. The V-bl
38、ocksshall be vertically positioned in the machine, one above theother, causing the forces applied to the specimen to act parallelto the axis of the machine. The specimen itself will be slightlyinclined when placed in the machine. A means of holding theplates in an upright position after the specimen
39、 has shearedapart is desirable as a complete separation of the specimenpermits the plates to be thrown out of the machine withattendant hazard to the operator.7.2 Load shall be applied continuously throughout the test atconstant rate of cross-head motion to normally produce failurein the range of 3
40、to 12 min elapsed time from beginning ofloading. For plywood, the approximate speed may be deter-mined as follows:N 5 0.0075(T?1R(T!(1)where:N = crosshead speed, in./min (cm/min),T|= total thickness of plies having grain parallel todirection of shear force, in. (cm),R = 8 (assumed ratio of shear mod
41、ulus of parallel plies toshear modulus of perpendicular plies), andT= total thickness of plies having grain perpendicular tothe direction of shear force, in. (cm).7.2.1 Elapsed time from beginning of load application tofailure of each specimen shall be measured and recorded to thenearest half minute
42、. Machine speeds calculated by the aboveformula will normally produce failure in the range of 3 to 12min elapsed time from the beginning of loading. Shouldelapsed time to failure fall greatly outside this range, machinespeed should be modified to obtain times within this range.7.3 Both epoxy and pol
43、yvinyl adhesives have been foundsatisfactory for bonding steel plates to specimens. Minimumrequired surface preparation of steel plates consists of removalof residual adhesive. This can be accomplished most easily bymild heating of the plate and any portion of the specimenremaining from the previous
44、 test in an oven which weakens thebond to the steel sufficiently to permit peeling the remainingwood and adhesive from the plate. The residual adhesive maybe scraped off with a sharp-edged tool. Further degreasing andcleaning has frequently been found necessary in addition to theabove to ensure adeq
45、uate bond strength. Curing the adhesive ata slightly elevated temperature has also been helpful.8. Measurement of Deformation8.1 Slip between the steel plates during load applicationshall be measured to at least the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.002 mm)at no less than twelve and preferably more equally spac
46、edincrements of load to proportional limit from which a load-deformation curve shall be plotted. Slip can be measured witha dial gage as illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 or with appropriateautomatic measuring and recording equipment. Gage geometryand position on the specimen shall be such as to minimize
47、 anyeffects of unsymmetrical loading or deformation.9. Calculation9.1 Shear stress shall be calculated as follows:fv5 PL W! (2)where:fv= shear stress, psi (N/mm),P = maximum or proportional limit load (force), lbf (N),W = specimen width, in. (mm), andL = specimen length, in. (mm).Maximum shear stres
48、s obtained from specimens having finalfailure of the bond between the plate and the specimen shall beregarded as defective and shall be clearly indicated in thereport of results.9.2 Effective modulus of rigidity for the specimen acting asa unit shall be calculated as follows:G 5 P/!t/LW!# (3)where:G
49、 = apparent modulus of rigidity for the entire specimen,psi (N/mm),t = specimen thickness, in. (mm),P/ = slope of the force-deformation curve below propor-tional limit load, lbf/in. (N/mm), and other notation isas indicated in 9.1.D2718 00 (2011)13For plywood, modulus of rigidity of the cross plies may becalculated from that given above if the ratio of moduli ofrigidity and thickness of the parallel and perpendicular plies isknown.Test Method BPlanar Shear Induced by Five-PointBending10. Scope10.1 Specimens are tested in a two-span continuous beamsupp
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