ASTM D2726-2008 Standard Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-Absorptive Compacted Bituminous Mixtures.pdf

1、Designation: D 2726 08Standard Test Method forBulk Specific Gravity and Density of Non-AbsorptiveCompacted Bituminous Mixtures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2726; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi

2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method cov

3、ers the determination of bulkspecific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bitu-minous mixtures.1.2 This test method should not be used with samples thatcontain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 %of water by volume, or both, as determined in 10.3.1.3 The values stated in S

4、I units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt

5、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving MixturesD 1188 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using CoatedSamplesD 3203 Test

6、 Method for Percent Air Voids in CompactedDense and Open Bituminous Paving MixturesD 3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements forAgen-cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsD 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and SpecifyingBalances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, andC

7、onstruction Materials TestingD 5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-tures for Laboratory TestingD 6752 Test Method for Bulk Specific Gravity and Densityof Compacted Bituminous Mixtures Using AutomaticVacuum Sealing MethodD 7227 Practice for Rapid Drying of Compacted AsphaltSpecimens U

8、sing Vacuum Drying Apparatus3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bulk densityas determined by this test method, themass of a metre cubed (or foot cubed) of the material at 25C(77F).3.1.2 bulk specific gravityas determined by this testmethod, the ratio of the mass of

9、 a given volume of material at25C to the mass of an equal volume of water at the sametemperature.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen is immersed in a water bath at 25C(77F). The mass under water is recorded, and the specimen istaken out of the water, blotted quickly with a damp cloth towel,and

10、 weighed in air. The difference between the two masses isused to measure the mass of an equal volume of water at 25C.4.2 This test method provides guidance for determination ofthe oven dry or thoroughly dry mass of the specimen. The bulkspecific gravity is calculated from these masses. Then thedensi

11、ty is obtained by multiplying the specific gravity of thespecimen by the density of the water.5. Significance and Use5.1 The results obtained from this test method can be usedto determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminousmixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D 3203,toobtain percen

12、t air voids. These values in turn may be used indetermining the relative degree of compaction.5.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be convertedto density in order to do calculations that require units. Thisconversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at agiven temperature by th

13、e density of water at the same tempera-ture.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Roadand Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.21 onSpecific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Mixtures.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published Jul

14、y 2008. Originally approvedin 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 2726 05a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summ

15、ary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1The personnel and equipment used in performing this test canbe evaluated in accordanc

16、e with Practice D 3666.6. Apparatus6.1 Balance, with ample capacity, and with sufficient sensi-tivity to enable bulk specific gravities of the specimens to becalculated to at least four significant figures, that is, to at leastthree decimal places. It shall be equipped with a suitableapparatus to pe

17、rmit weighing the specimen while suspended inwater. To avoid erroneous readings by undue displacement ofwater, use wire or fish line of the smallest practical size tosuspend the specimen and holder. Do not use chains, strings, orsash cords. The balance shall conform to Guide D 4753 as aClass GP2 bal

18、ance.NOTE 2Since there are no more significant figures in the quotient(bulk specific gravity) than appear in either the dividend (the mass of thespecimen in air) or in the divisor (the mass of the volume of water equalto the volume of the specimen, obtained from the difference in weight ofthe satura

19、ted surface-dry specimen in air and in water), this means that thebalance must have a sensitivity capable of providing both mass values toat least four figures. For example, a sensitivity of 0.1 g would provide foursignificant figures for mass in the range from 100.1 to 999.9 g.6.2 Water Bath, capab

20、le of maintaining a temperature of 256 1C (77 6 1.8F) for immersing the specimen in water whilesuspended, equipped with an overflow outlet for maintaining aconstant water level. The use of an overflow outlet is manda-tory.NOTE 3The water bath does not need to be a sophisticated device.Any method tha

21、t maintains 25C 6 1C can be used including tempering,aquarium heaters, stirrers, or other devices.7. Sampling7.1 Specimens may be either laboratory-molded bituminousmixtures or from bituminous pavements.7.2 Obtain field samples in accordance with Practice D 979.7.3 Pavement specimens shall be taken

22、from pavementswith a core drill, diamond or a carborundum saw, or by othersuitable means, in accordance with Practice D 5361.8. Test Specimens8.1 Size of SpecimensIt is recommended (1) that thediameter of cyclindrically molded or cored specimens, or thelength of the sides of sawed specimens, be at l

23、east equal to fourtimes the maximum size of the aggregate; and (2) that thethickness of specimens be at least one and one half times themaximum size of the aggregate.8.2 Care shall be taken to avoid distortion, bending, orcracking of specimens during and after removal from pave-ments or mold. Specim

24、ens shall be stored in a safe, cool place.8.3 Specimens shall be free of foreign materials such as sealcoat, tack coat, foundation material, soil, paper, or foil. Whenany of these materials are visually evident, they shall beremoved by sawing.8.4 If desired, specimens may be separated from otherpave

25、ment layers by sawing or other satisfactory means.9. Procedure9.1 For Cores and for Other Specimens that May ContainMoisture or SolventOnly specimens that are known to bethoroughly dry (that is, laboratory-prepared dried specimens),are to be tested in accordance with 9.2. All others are assumedto co

26、ntain moisture or solvent and are to be tested in accor-dance with 9.1. The sequence of testing for 9.1 is: in water,saturated-surface dry, dry.9.1.1 Mass of Specimen in WaterCompletely submergethe specimen in the water bath at 25 6 1C (77 6 1.8F) for3 to 5 min then determine the mass by weighing in

27、 water.Designate this mass as C. If the temperature of the specimendiffers from the temperature of the water bath by more than2C (3.6F), the specimen shall be immersed in the water bathfor 10 to 15 min, instead of 3 to 5 min.9.1.2 Mass of Saturated Surface-Dry Specimen in AirSurface dry the specimen

28、 by blotting quickly with a damp clothtowel and then determine the mass by weighing in air.Designate this mass as B.9.1.3 After determining the mass in water and in a saturated-surface dry condition, thoroughly dry the specimen to aconstant mass at 110 6 5C (230 6 9F). Allow the specimento cool and

29、weigh in air. Designate this mass as A. Othermethods may be used to dry the specimen as long as a constantmass is achieved (mass repeats within 0.1 %).NOTE 4Drying the specimen at the required temperature of 110C(230F) will change the characteristics and shape of the specimen. Thiswill make the spec

30、imen unsuitable for further testing. Drying thespecimen at a reduced temperature such as 52C (125F), in order to keepit intact, will not meet the requirements of this test method.9.1.3.1 Practice D 7227, microwave drying or other ap-proved methods may be used to dry the specimen if thespecimen is no

31、t over-heated and documentation exists showingthat the results are equivalent to oven drying. The interval oftime between readings to determine constant mass must besufficient to ensure that all moisture and solvent has beenremoved. This interval is dependent on the size of the specimenand can be de

32、termined by experimentation and confirmed withthe oven-dried comparisons. Documentation must exist tovalidate the intervals.9.2 For Laboratory-Prepared Thoroughly Dry Specimens:9.2.1 Mass of Dry Specimen in AirDetermine the mass byweighing the specimen after it has been standing in air at roomtemper

33、ature for at least 1 h. Designate this mass as A.9.2.2 Mass of Specimen in WaterUse the same procedureas described in 9.1.1.9.2.3 Mass of Saturated Surface-Dry Specimen in AirSurface dry the specimen by blotting quickly with a damp clothtowel and then determine the mass by weighing in air.Designate

34、this mass as B.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the bulk specific gravity of the specimen asfollows:Bulk sp gr 5 A/B 2 C! (1)where:A = mass of the dry specimen in air, g;(BC) = mass of the volume of water for the volume ofthe specimen at 25C;D2726082B = mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air

35、,g; andC = mass of the specimen in water, g.10.2 Calculate the density of the specimen as follows:Density 5 Bulk sp gr 3 997.0 or 62.24! (2)where:997.0 = density of water in kg/m3at 25C (0.9970 g/cm3)10.3 Calculate the percent water absorbed by the specimen(on volume basis) as follows:Percent water

36、absorbed by volume 5B 2 AB 2 C3 100 (3)10.4 If the percent water absorbed by the specimen in 10.3exceeds 2 %, use Test Method D 1188 or Test Method D 6752.10.5 This test method has been written expressing density inkilograms per cubic metre. Conversion to express the densityin pounds per cubic foot

37、is acceptable.11. Report11.1 Report the following:11.1.1 Bulk specific gravity of the mixture to the thirddecimal place as: bulk specific gravity at 25C,11.1.2 Density of the mixture with four significant figures inkg/m3or lb/ft3as: density at 25C,11.1.3 Type of mixture,11.1.4 Size of sample, and11.

38、1.5 Water absorption, %.12. Precision and Bias12.1 Precision:12.1.1 Single Operator PrecisionThe single operatorstandard deviations (1s limits) for specimens prepared inaccordance with 9.2, for mixtures containing aggregate withabsorption of less than 1.5 %, are shown in Table 1. The resultsof two p

39、roperly conducted tests on the same material, by thesame operator, using the same equipment, should be consid-ered suspect if they differ by more than the d2s single operatorlimits shown in Table 1.12.1.2 Multilaboratory PrecisionThe multilaboratorystandard deviations (1s limits) for specimens prepa

40、red inaccordance with 9.2, for mixtures containing aggregate withabsorption of less than 1.5 %, are shown in Table 1. The resultsof two properly conducted tests on the same material, bydifferent operators, using different equipment, should be con-sidered suspect if they differ by more than d2s multi

41、laboratorylimits shown in Table 1.12.2 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure because no material having an accepted refer-ence value is available.13. Keywords13.1 air voids; compaction; density; specific gravity; unitweightSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee D04 has identified the

42、location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D 2726 05a) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved July 1, 2008.)(1) Added Practice D 7227 to Section 2 and 9.1.3.1.(2) Modified 8.3.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asser

43、ted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by

44、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv

45、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Intern

46、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through

47、 the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Precision EstimatesA1s limit d2s limitSingle Operator Precision:12.5-mm nominal max agg. 0.008 0.02319.0-mm nominal max agg. 0.013 0.037Multilaboratory Precision:12.5-mm nominal max agg. 0.015 0.04219.0-mm nominal max agg. 0.015 0.042ABased on an interlaborato

48、ry study conducted under NCHRP Project 9-26involving 150-mm diameter specimens with 4.5 % air voids, 26 laboratories, twomaterials (a 12.5-mm mixture and a 19.0-mm mixture), and three replicates.The precision statement in 12.1 was derived from data resulting from laborato-ries that compacted samples sent out by the AMRL.D2726083