1、Designation: D2862 10Standard Test Method forParticle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
3、 particlesize distribution of granular activated carbon. For the purposesof this test, granular activated carbon is defined as a minimumof 90 % of the sample weight being retained on a 180-mStandard sieve.AU.S. mesh 80 sieve is equivalent to a 180mStandard sieve.NOTE 1For extruded carbons, as the le
4、ngth/diameter ratio of theparticles increases, the validity of the test results might be affected.1.2 The data obtained may also be used to calculate meanparticle diameter (MPD), effective size, and uniformity coef-ficient.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The
5、values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3.1 ExceptionAll mass measurements are in SI unitsonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
6、 It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2652 Terminology Relating to Activated CarbonD2854 Test Method for Apparent
7、Density of ActivatedCarbonE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test
8、Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A known weight of granular activated carbon is placedon the top sieve of a stacked set of U.S. Standard sieves andshaken under standard conditions for a specific time period,after which the weight percent of the total retained on eachsieve and bottom pan is determi
9、ned.4. Significance and Use4.1 It is necessary to know the distribution of particle sizesof granular activated carbon in order to provide proper contactof gases or liquid in a packed bed of the material. Changes inparticle size distribution can affect the pressure drop across thebed and the rate of
10、adsorption in a bed of a given size.4.2 Mean particle diameter is a property of activated car-bons that influences pressure drop.4.3 Effective size and uniformity coefficient are two prop-erties of activated carbons often of interest in municipal watertreatment applications where control of particle
11、 size is ofinterest.5. Apparatus5.1 Mechanical Sieve Shaker3This is a mechanicallyoperated sieve shaker that imparts a uniform rotating andtapping motion to a stack of 8-in. (203-mm or equivalent)sieves as described in 5.2. The sieve shaker should be adjustedto accommodate the desired number of siev
12、es, receiver pan,and sieve cover. The bottom stops should be adjusted to give aclearance of approximately116 in. (1.5 mm) between the uppercarrying plate stops and the sieve cover plate, so that the sieveswill be free to rotate. The sieve shaker shall be powered with14-hp (186-W) electric motor prod
13、ucing 1725 to 1750 rpm. Thesieve shaker should produce 140 to 160 raps per minute withthe striker arm and 280 to 320 rotating motions per minute ofthe sieve stack. The cover plate shall be fitted with a cork1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D28 onActivated Carbon and is t
14、he direct responsibility of Subcommittee D28.04 on GasPhase Evaluation Tests.Current edition approved April 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originallyapproved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2862 97 (2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/D2862-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM websit
15、e, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The Tyler Ro-Tap Model RX-19-1 has been used in developing this test. Newermodels may not produce the same separa
16、tions (Model RX-19-2 is equivalent toModel RX-19-1). This model is available from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA15238.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.stopper that shall extend14 618 in. (6.35 6 3.18 mm) abovethe me
17、tal recess. At no time shall any material other than corkbe permitted.5.2 SievesU.S. Standard sieves or equivalent conformingto Specification E11. The sieves shall be either 2 in. (51 mm)(full height) or 1 in. (25 mm.) (half height) in height, and 8 in.(203 mm or equivalent) in diameter.5.3 Bottom R
18、eceiver Pan and Top Sieve Cover.5.4 Interval Timer, adjustable, with an accuracy of 610 s.5.5 Sample Splitter, single-stage riffle type.5.6 Balance, with a sensitivity of 0.1 g.5.7 Soft Brass Wire Brush.45.8 Cylinder, glass, graduated, 250-mL capacity.5.9 Equivalent ApparatusNewer technology may pro
19、ducedevices that can perform an equivalent function to the me-chanical sieve shaker described in 5.1, for which this methodwas originally developed (Tyler model RX-191 or 2). In thecase of newer devices being used, the tester should validate theequivalency of the newer device to that of the ASTM sta
20、ndardtester (or its successors, for example, Tyler model RX-29) andretain the capability to cross check the results of particle sizedistribution analysis between the mechanical device describedabove and any newer sieving system.6. Sampling6.1 Collect and prepare the granular activated carbonsamples
21、in accordance with Practice E300.7. Procedure7.1 Stack the sieves to be used on the bottom receiver pan inorder of increasing sieve opening from bottom to top.7.2 Prepare a sample of activated carbon as follows:7.2.1 Mix the gross sample, obtained by Practice E300,bypassing it through a single-stage
22、 riffle type sample splitter andrecombining twice. Then pass the mixed sample through theriffle so as to obtain an approximate 250-mL of sample.7.2.2 Using the apparent density apparatus described in TestMethod D2854, obtain a test sample of 200 mL from eachsample. If the apparent density is less th
23、an 0.35 g/cc, a 50 gsample will be adequate, greater than 0.35 g/cc, use a samplenot to exceed 100 g. In all cases, volume of the sample shouldnot exceed 200 ml.4W. S. Tyler Model 1778-S.B. or equivalent has been found satisfactory.FIG. 1 Cumulative Particle Size Distribution CurveD2862 102NOTE 2If
24、the apparent density of the sample has been determined, acalculated weight of sample equivalent to 200 6 10 mL may be used foreach of the riffled samples.7.2.3 Weigh each sample to the nearest 0.1 g.7.3 . Transfer the weighed sample to the top sieve.7.4 Install the sieve cover and transfer the assem
25、bly to thesieve shaker.7.5 Allow the sieve assembly to shake for 10 min 6 10 swith the hammer operating.7.6 Remove the sieve assembly from the sieve shaker andquantitatively transfer, using the sieve brush, the activatedcarbon retained on the top sieve to a tared weighing pan andweigh to the nearest
26、 0.1 g. Repeat this procedure for materialretained on each sieve and the bottom receiver pan.7.7 Repeat the analysis if desired. Use the repeatabilitytolerances listed in 10.1 as a guide for precision and bias.8. Calculation8.1 Add the weights of each sieve fraction; if the sumdeviates more than 2.0
27、 g from the sample weight, the analysesshould be repeated.8.2 Calculate the particle size distribution of each sample tothe nearest 0.1 % and the average of the two samples to thenearest 0.1 % as follows:R 5 F/S! 3 100where:F = sieve fraction weight,S = sum of sieve fraction weights, andR = percent
28、retained on each fraction.8.3 If effective mean particle diameter is of interest, it maybe calculated from the following equation by using the percentretained in each sieve fraction from the particle size distribu-tion analysis. See Table 1.P 5 R 3 NEffective MPD mm!5(P100where:R = percent retained
29、in a sieve fraction,N = factor for a given sieve fraction (Table1),P = effective mean particle size of a givensieve fraction, andEffective MPD = effective mean particle diameter of thesample.8.3.1 See Table 2 for an example of effective MPD calcu-lation.8.4 If effective size and uniformity coefficie
30、nt are of inter-est, they may be calculated as shown in Table 3 from thecumulative total of the percent passing through each sieve.8.4.1 Plot the cumulative percentages of the particle sizeversus the size of the sieve openings in millimeters onprobabilitylogarithmic graph paper (see Fig. 1). The sie
31、ve sizeopenings can be obtained from Specification E11. See Table 1.8.4.2 Determine the effective size by reading the screen sizeopening in mm corresponding to the point where the curveintersects the 10 % passing value. See Fig. 1.8.4.3 Calculate the uniformity coefficient by reading thescreen size
32、opening in millimetres corresponding to the pointwhere the curve intersects the 60 % passing value and dividingthis value by the effective size value from 8.4.2, for example:uniformity coefficient 5value mm! 60 % intersectionvalue mm! 10 % intersectionNOTE 3The lower the uniformity coefficient value
33、, the more uniformthe granular activated carbon. If all the particles were exactly the samesize, the uniformity coefficient would be 1.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Source of the sample,9.1.2 Type or grade designation,TABLE 1 Factors for Calculating the Effective Mean ParticleD
34、iameterU.S.S.Sieve No.Mean Opening,(N) mmU.S.S.Sieve No.Mean Opening,(N) mm+4 5.74 20 3 30 0.724 3 6 4.06 25 3 30 0.654 3 8 3.57 30 3 35 0.556 3 8 2.87 30 3 40 0.518 3 10 2.19 35 3 40 0.468 3 12 2.03 40 3 45 0.3910 3 12 1.84 40 3 50 0.3612 3 14 1.55 45 3 50 0.3312 3 16 1.44 50 3 60 0.2714 3 16 1.30
35、50 3 70 0.2516 3 18 1.10 60 3 70 0.2316 3 20 1.02 70 3 80 0.1918 3 20 0.92 70 3 100 0.1820 3 25 0.78 80 3 100 0.16TABLE 2 Example of Effective MPD Calculation Using 8 3 30Mesh MaterialABU.S.S.Sieve No.PercentRetainedMean Opening(mm)WeightedAverage+8 8.0 2.87 23.08 3 12 31.4 2.03 63.712 3 16 27.2 1.4
36、4 39.216 3 20 21.5 1.02 21.920 3 30 9.1 0.72 6.62.8 0.51 1.4100.0 155.8AEffective MPD mm!5155.81005 1.558BThe mean particle size of each sieve fraction is assumed to be the average ofthe sieve opening in millimetres through which the material has passed and thesieve opening in millimetres on which t
37、he material was retained. In the case ofparticles larger than those measured, the mean particle size of this fraction isassumed to be the average of the opening of the sieve actually used and that ofthe next larger sieve in the =2 series. In the case of particles smaller than theopening of the small
38、est sieve, the mean particle size of this fraction is assumed tobe the average of the opening of the smallest sieve and that of the next smallersieve in the =2 series. See Table 1 for lists of the mean opening in millimetres forvarious sieve fractions.D2862 1039.1.3 Name of the carbon supplier,9.1.4
39、 Supplier lot or batch number, or both,9.1.5 Nominal particle size,9.1.6 Particle size distribution,9.1.7 Report the weight of sample tested,9.1.8 Effective mean particle diameter (optional),9.1.9 Effective size (optional),9.1.10 Uniformity coefficient (optional),9.1.11 Name of the agency and techni
40、cian performing thetest, and9.1.12 Sample identification number and date of the test.10. Precision and Bias510.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study of this test method conducted in 2007.Each of eleven laboratories tested four different materials.Every “test result”
41、 represents an individual determination. Alllaboratories were asked to submit three replicate test results(from one operator) for each material. One of the laboratoriesalso determined the corresponding percent moisture of thesamples. Practice E691 was followed for the design andanalysis of the data.
42、10.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test results obtainedwithin one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if theydiffer by more than the “r” value for that material; “r”istheinterval representing the critical difference between two testresults for the same material, obtained by the same operatorus
43、ing the same equipment on the same day in the samelaboratory.10.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 4-7.10.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” valuefor that material; “R” is the interval representing the critical
44、difference between two test results for the same material,obtained by different operators using different equipment indifferent laboratories.10.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 8-11.10.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproduc-ibility limit) are used as specified in Prac
45、tice E177.10.1.4 Any judgment in accordance with statements 9.1.1and 9.1.2 would have an approximate 95 % probability ofbeing correct.10.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no acceptedreference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is be
46、ing made.10.3 The precision statement for particle size distributionwas determined through statistical examination of 813 results,from eleven laboratories, on four materials. These four carbonsare described in Tables 8-11.10.4 To judge the equivalency of two test results, it isrecommended to choose
47、the carbon closest in characteristics tothe test carbon.11. Keywords11.1 granular activated carbon; particle size distribution5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D28-1007.TABLE 3 Effective Size and Uniformity Coeffic
48、ientU.S.S.Sieve No.Opening(mm)PercentRetainedOn SieveCumulative PercentPassing throughSieve8 2.36 8.0 92.012 1.70 31.4 60.616 1.18 27.2 33.420 0.85 21.5 11.930 0.60 9.1 2.830 . . . 2.8 0.0TABLE 4 Percent MoistureWood (%)WoodCarbonAverageARepeatabilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitxsr r10 sieve
49、1.67 0.40 1.1314 sieve 37.40 4.52 12.6518 sieve 44.07 1.47 4.1325 sieve 15.80 3.05 8.5460 sieve 0.83 0.81 2.26Pan 0.13 0.06 0.16AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.TABLE 5 Percent MoistureLignite (%)LigniteCarbonAverageARepeatabilityStandardDeviationRepeatabilityLimitxsr r8 sieve 0.80 0.10 0.2812 sieve 12.30 1.01 2.8416 sieve 27.67 1.66 4.6420 sieve 33.17 0.49 1.3830 sieve 24.23 2.35 6.5960 sieve 1.60 0.36 1.01Pan 0.27 0.21 0.58AThe average of the laboratories calculated averages.TABLE 6 Percent MoistureCoconut (%)CoconutCarbonA
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