1、Designation: D2862 10D2862 16Standard Test Method forParticle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determi
3、nation of the particle size distribution of granular activated carbon. For the purposes ofthis test, granular activated carbon is defined as a minimum of 90 % of the sample weight being retained on a 180-m Standardsieve. A U.S. mesh 80 sieve is equivalent to a 180m Standard sieve.NOTE 1For extruded
4、carbons, as the length/diameter ratio of the particles increases, the validity of the test results might be affected.1.2 The data obtained may also be used to calculate mean particle diameter (MPD), effective size, and uniformity coefficient.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regard
5、ed as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3.1 ExceptionAll mass measurements are in SI units only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, a
6、ssociated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2652 Terminology Relating to Activated CarbonD2854 Test
7、Method for Apparent Density of Activated CarbonE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE300 Practice for Sampling Industrial ChemicalsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine
8、the Precision of a Test Method3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A known weight of granular activated carbon is placed on the top sieve of a stacked set of U.S. Standard sieves and shakenunder standard conditions for a specific time period, after which the weight percent of the total retained on each siev
9、e and bottompan is determined.4. Significance and Use4.1 It is necessary to know the distribution of particle sizes of granular activated carbon in order to provide proper contact ofgases or liquid in a packed bed of the material. Changes in particle size distribution can affect the pressure drop ac
10、ross the bedand the rate of adsorption in a bed of a given size.4.2 Mean particle diameter is a property of activated carbons that influences pressure drop.4.3 Effective size and uniformity coefficient are two properties of activated carbons often of interest in municipal watertreatment applications
11、 where control of particle size is of interest.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D28 on Activated Carbon and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D28.04 on Gas PhaseEvaluation Tests.Current edition approved April 1, 2010June 1, 2016. Published July 2010July 2016.
12、 Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20092010 asD2862 97D2862 10. (2009)1. DOI: 10.1520/D2862-10.10.1520/D2862-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolum
13、e information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequa
14、tely depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
15、n, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Apparatus5.1 Mechanical Sieve Shaker3This is a mechanically operated sieve shaker that imparts a uniform rotating and tapping motionto a stack of 8-in. (203-mm or equivalent) sieves as described in 5.2. The sieve shaker should be adjusted to accommodate thedesired
16、number of sieves, receiver pan, and sieve cover. The bottom stops should be adjusted to give a clearance of approximately116 in. (1.5 mm) between the upper carrying plate stops and the sieve cover plate, so that the sieves will be free to rotate. The sieveshaker shall be powered with 14-hp (186-W) e
17、lectric motor producing 1725 to 1750 rpm. The sieve shaker should produce 140to 160 raps per minute with the striker arm and 280 to 320 rotating motions per minute of the sieve stack. The cover plate shallbe fitted with a cork stopper that shall extend 14 6 18 in. (6.35 6 3.18 mm) above the metal re
18、cess. At no time shall any materialother than cork be permitted.5.2 SievesU.S. Standard sieves or equivalent conforming to Specification E11. The sieves shall be either 2 in. (51 mm) (fullheight) or 1 in. (25 mm.) (half height) in height, and 8 in. (203 mm or equivalent) in diameter.5.3 Bottom Recei
19、ver Pan and Top Sieve Cover.5.4 Interval Timer, adjustable, with an accuracy of 610 s.5.5 Sample Splitter, single-stage riffle type.5.6 Balance, with a sensitivity of 0.1 g.5.7 Soft Brass Wire Brush. 45.8 Cylinder, glass, graduated, 250-mL capacity.5.9 Equivalent ApparatusNewer technology may produc
20、e devices that can perform an equivalent function to the mechanicalsieve shaker described in 5.1, for which this method was originally developed (Tyler model RX-191 or 2). In the case of newerdevices being used, the tester should validate the equivalency of the newer device to that of the ASTM stand
21、ard tester (or itssuccessors, for example,Tyler model RX-29) and retain the capability to cross check the results of particle size distribution analysisbetween the mechanical device described above and any newer sieving system.6. Sampling6.1 Collect and prepare the granular activated carbon samples
22、in accordance with Practice E300.3 The Tyler Ro-Tap Model RX-19-1 has been used in developing this test. Newer models may not produce the same separations (Model RX-19-2 is equivalent to ModelRX-19-1). This model is available from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA 15238.4 W. S. Tyler Model 1778-S.B.
23、 or equivalent has been found satisfactory.FIG. 1 Cumulative Particle Size Distribution CurveD2862 1627. Procedure7.1 Stack the sieves to be used on the bottom receiver pan in order of increasing sieve opening from bottom to top.7.2 Prepare a sample of activated carbon as follows:7.2.1 Mix the gross
24、 sample, obtained by Practice E300, by passing it through a single-stage riffle type sample splitter andrecombining twice. Then pass the mixed sample through the riffle so as to obtain an approximate 250-mL of sample.7.2.2 Using the apparent density apparatus described in Test Method D2854, obtain a
25、 test sample of 200 mL from each sample.If the apparent density is less than 0.35 g/cc, a 50 g sample will be adequate, greater than 0.35 g/cc, use a sample not to exceed100 g. In all cases, volume of the sample should not exceed 200 ml.NOTE 2If the apparent density of the sample has been determined
26、, a calculated weight of sample equivalent to 200 6 10 mL may be used for eachof the riffled samples.7.2.3 Weigh each sample to the nearest 0.1 g.7.3 . Transfer the weighed sample to the top sieve.7.4 Install the sieve cover and transfer the assembly to the sieve shaker.7.5 Allow the sieve assembly
27、to shake for 10 min 6 10 s with the hammer operating.7.6 Remove the sieve assembly from the sieve shaker and quantitatively transfer, using the sieve brush, the activated carbonretained on the top sieve to a tared weighing pan and weigh to the nearest 0.1 g. Repeat this procedure for material retain
28、ed oneach sieve and the bottom receiver pan.7.7 Repeat the analysis if desired. Use the repeatability tolerances listed in 10.1 as a guide for precision and bias.8. Calculation8.1 Add the weights of each sieve fraction; if the sum deviates more than 2.0 g from the sample weight, the analyses shouldb
29、e repeated.8.2 Calculate the particle size distribution of each sample to the nearest 0.1 % and the average of the two samples to the nearest0.1 % as follows:R 5F/S!3100where:F = sieve fraction weight,S = sum of sieve fraction weights, andR = percent retained on each fraction.8.3 If effective mean p
30、article diameter is of interest, it may be calculated from the following equation by using the percentretained in each sieve fraction from the particle size distribution analysis. See Table 1.P 5R 3NEffective MPD mm!5(P100where:R = percent retained in a sieve fraction,TABLE 1 Factors for Calculating
31、 the Effective Mean ParticleDiameterU.S.S.Sieve No.Mean Opening,(N) mmU.S.S.Sieve No.Mean Opening,(N) mm+4 5.74 20 30 0.724 6 4.06 25 30 0.654 8 3.57 30 35 0.556 8 2.87 30 40 0.518 10 2.19 35 40 0.468 12 2.03 40 45 0.3910 12 1.84 40 50 0.3612 14 1.55 45 50 0.3312 16 1.44 50 60 0.2714 16 1.30 50 70 0
32、.2516 18 1.10 60 70 0.2316 20 1.02 70 80 0.1918 20 0.92 70 100 0.1820 25 0.78 80 100 0.16D2862 163N = factor for a given sieve fraction (Table 1),P = effective mean particle size of a given sieve fraction, andEffective MPD = effective mean particle diameter of the sample.8.3.1 See Table 2 for an exa
33、mple of effective MPD calculation.8.4 If effective size and uniformity coefficient are of interest, they may be calculated as shown in Table 3 from the cumulativetotal of the percent passing through each sieve.8.4.1 Plot the cumulative percentages of the particle size passing through the sieve versu
34、s the size of the sieve openings inmillimeters on probabilitylogarithmic graph paper (see Fig. 1). The sieve size openings can be obtained from Specification E11.See Table 1.8.4.2 Determine the effective size by reading the screen size opening in mm corresponding to the point where the curveintersec
35、ts the 10 % passing through the sieve value. See Fig. 1.8.4.3 Calculate the uniformity coefficient by reading the screen size opening in millimetres corresponding to the point wherethe curve intersects the 60 % passing through the sieve value and dividing this value by the effective size value from
36、8.4.2, forexample:uniformity coefficient5value mm!60%intersectionvalue mm!10%intersectionNOTE 3The lower the uniformity coefficient value, the more uniform the granular activated carbon. If all the particles were exactly the same size,the uniformity coefficient would be 1.9. Report9.1 Report the fol
37、lowing information:9.1.1 Source of the sample,9.1.2 Type or grade designation,9.1.3 Name of the carbon supplier,9.1.4 Supplier lot or batch number, or both,9.1.5 Nominal particle size,9.1.6 Particle size distribution,9.1.7 Report the weight of sample tested,9.1.8 Effective mean particle diameter (op
38、tional),9.1.9 Effective size (optional),9.1.10 Uniformity coefficient (optional),9.1.11 Name of the agency and technician performing the test, and9.1.12 Sample identification number and date of the test.TABLE 2 Example of Effective MPD Calculation Using 8 30Mesh MaterialABU.S.S.Sieve No.PercentRetai
39、nedMean Opening(mm)WeightedAverage+8 8.0 2.87 23.08 12 31.4 2.03 63.712 16 27.2 1.44 39.216 20 21.5 1.02 21.920 30 9.1 0.72 6.62.8 0.51 1.4100.0 155.8AEffective MPD smmd5155.8100 51.558BThe mean particle size of each sieve fraction is assumed to be the average of thesieve opening in millimetres thro
40、ugh which the material has passed and the sieveopening in millimetres on which the material was retained. In the case of particleslarger than those measured, the mean particle size of this fraction is assumed tobe the average of the opening of the sieve actually used and that of the next largersieve
41、 in the =2 series. In the case of particles smaller than the opening of thesmallest sieve, the mean particle size of this fraction is assumed to be the averageof the opening of the smallest sieve and that of the next smaller sieve in the =2series. See Table 1 for lists of the mean opening in millime
42、tres for various sievefractions.D2862 16410. Precision and Bias510.1 The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of this test method conducted in 2007. Each of elevenlaboratories tested four different materials. Every “test result” represents an individual determination. A
43、ll laboratories were askedto submit three replicate test results (from one operator) for each material. One of the laboratories also determined thecorresponding percent moisture of the samples. Practice E691 was followed for the design and analysis of the data.10.1.1 Repeatability Limit (r)Two test
44、results obtained within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they differ bymore than the “r” value for that material; “r” is the interval representing the critical difference between two test results for the samematerial, obtained by the same operator using the same equipment on the same
45、 day in the same laboratory.10.1.1.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 4-7.10.1.2 Reproducibility Limit (R)Two test results shall be judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value forthat material; “R” is the interval representing the critical difference between two test res
46、ults for the same material, obtained bydifferent operators using different equipment in different laboratories.10.1.2.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 8-11.10.1.3 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproducibility limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.10.1.4 Any judgment i
47、n accordance with statements 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 would have an approximate 95 % probability of beingcorrect.10.2 BiasAt the time of the study, there was no accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for this testmethod, therefore no statement on bias is being made.10.3 The precision s
48、tatement for particle size distribution was determined through statistical examination of 813 results, fromeleven laboratories, on four materials. These four carbons are described in Tables 8-11.10.4 To judge the equivalency of two test results, it is recommended to choose the carbon closest in char
49、acteristics to the testcarbon.11. Keywords11.1 granular activated carbon; particle size distribution5 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D28-1007.TABLE 3 Effective Size and Uniformity CoefficientU.S.S.Sieve No.Opening(mm)PercentRetainedOn SieveCumulative PercentPassing throughSieve8 2.36 8.0 92.012 1.70 31.4 60.616 1.18 27.2 33.420 0.85 21.5 11.930 0.60 9.1 2.830 . . . 2.8 0.0D2862 165TABLE 4 Percen
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