1、Designation: D 2983 04aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forLow-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured byBrookfield Viscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1
3、.1 This test method covers the use of the Brookfieldviscometer and a low-temperature bath for the determination ofthe low-shear-rate viscosity of lubricants. The test may operatein the viscosity range of 500 to 1 000 000 mPas (cP). Thebath-controlled temperature is selected within the range of +5to
4、40C.1.2 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second(mPas), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPas).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safet
5、y and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 341 Standard Viscosity-Temperature Charts for LiquidPetroleum Products2.2 European Procedure:CEC L18-A-8032.3 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD6300 D2PP, Version 4.43, Determi
6、nation of Preci-sion and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for PetroleumProducts43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 apparent viscositythe dynamic viscosity determinedby this test method. Apparent viscosity may vary with thespindle speed (shear rate) of the Brookfi
7、eld viscometer if thelubricant is non-Newtonian at low temperatures. SeeAppendixX1 for a brief explanation.3.1.2 reference viscosity5,6the viscosity of a Newtonianstandard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specified temperatures. Reference viscosities of typical stan-dard reference f
8、luids are listed in Appendix X2.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A lubricant fluid sample is preheated, allowed to stabi-lize at room temperature, and then poured into a glass cell witha special spindle. The glass cell is then placed into a pre-cooledcold cabinet set at a predetermined test temperature
9、between +5to 40C for 16 h. Then a viscometer is utilized that rotates thespecified spindle within the sample at the speed giving amaximum torque reading on the viscometer. The resultingtorque reading is used to calculate the viscosity of the oil.5. Significance and Use5.1 The low-temperature, low-sh
10、ear-rate viscosity of gearoils, automatic transmission fluids, torque and tractor fluids,and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils, Annex A4, are ofconsiderable importance to the proper operation of manymechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric proper-ties of these oils and fluids are of
11、ten used to specify theiracceptability. This test method is used in a number of specifi-cations.5.2 This test method describes how to measure apparentviscosity directly without the errors associated with eitherinterpolation or extrapolation of experimental data.NOTE 1Viscosity values obtained by eit
12、her interpolation or extrapo-lation are subject to errors caused by gelation or non-Newtonian responseto rotor speed, or both. Only in the case of known Newtonian oils isinterpolation acceptable for the purpose of calibrating the rotor and glasscell. If such viscosity versus temperature plots are re
13、quired, they can bemade by the procedure outlined in Annex A1.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. Orig
14、inallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 298304.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
15、 ASTM website.3Available from CEC, Mandou Plaza-25th Floor, B-1210 Brussells, Belgium.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD6300.5The sole source of supply of the Standard Newtonian Brookfield viscosityreference fluids known to the committee at this time is Cannon Ins
16、trument Co., PostOffice Box 16, State College, PA 16801.6If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.1*A Summa
17、ry of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Brookfield Viscometer6,7Analog Model LVT or morerecent digital models (for example, LVDV-II+) are required.Make
18、certain that the viscometer is calibrated and in goodworking order prior to operation.6.2 Viscometer Spindle6,7Uninsulated viscometer No. 4spindle or insulated No. 4B2 spindle may be used. Periodically(depending on use, but at least every 3 months) inspect forwobble of the spindles. The run-out (wob
19、ble) of the spindlemust not exceed 1 mm. Contact the manufacturer for measur-ing details. For No. 4B2 spindles, ensure firm adhesion of thelower part of the spindle. A number of spindles are needed formultiple determinations. See Fig. 1 for diagram.6.3 Spindle Clip6,8A thin clip or spacer that suppo
20、rts thespindle at proper immersion depth during cool-down.6.4 Test Cell6,8A glass test tube 22 to 22.5 mm in insidediameter and 115 6 5 mm in overall length.6.5 Cell Stopper6,8(Fig. 2)Acap that fits onto the test cellwith a hole large enough for the spindle to turn with sufficientclearance.6.6 Insul
21、ated Cell Carrier6,8(Fig. 2)A balsa wood blockwith windows that keeps the test cell cold during testing.NOTE 2A liquid bath,6,8with a viewing window, held at the specifiedtemperature, within 0.1C, can be used in place of the test cell carrier (seealso Note 10).6.7 Cold Cabinet6,8A top-opening cold c
22、abinet with anair-circulation device may be used (see Note 3). To minimizedisturbance, it is recommended that the cabinet has an innercover with hand-holes for sample insertion and removal. Thecold cabinet must cool the sample to a chosen constant testtemperature over a range from +5 to 40C and hold
23、 thattemperature within 6 0.3C. The air circulation device and theturntable must be able to be switched off prior to fully openingthe bath top. Mechanically refrigerated liquid baths may beused for apparent viscosity determinations. A European proce-dure, CEC L18-A-80, describes the use of such bath
24、s. A liquidbath can be used for sample conditioning if it can duplicate thesample cooling rates outlined in Annex A2. The main advan-tage of a liquid bath over an air bath is more precisetemperature control and thus more precise apparent viscositymeasurement.NOTE 3Liquid baths are available that can
25、 cool at the proper rate andmaintain the selected test temperature within 0.1C of the set point for the16-h soak-period portion of the test. Details on liquid baths can be foundin the manufacturers manual.6.8 Turntable6,8This device contains the cell rack. Theturntable should rotate at a speed of 3
26、to 5 rpm. This item isoften supplied with the cold cabinet. The turntable is notrequired for a liquid bath.6.9 Temperature Sensing DevicesUse certified or othercalibrated thermometric devices of equal or greater accuracythat cover the range from +5 to 40C with 0.1C (or finer)increments. For air-bath
27、-style cold cabinets, it is recommendedto use IP Brookfield Viscometer Total Immersion Thermom-eters:IP 94C 45 to 35C ASTM 122CIP 95C 35 to 25C ASTM 123CIP 96C 25 to 15C ASTM 124CIP 97C 15 to 5C ASTM 125Cand ASTM 63C (8 to +32C) in conjunction with acalibrated resistance temperature detector (RTD) d
28、evice. TheRTD must be effectively calibrated at 0C and 40C. Thethermometers can be compared to the RTD in order to get anaccurate reading. Store thermometers in an upright position tohelp maintain calibration. Make certain that there are noseparations in the column.6.9.1 For liquid baths, use certif
29、ied or other calibratedthermometric devices of equal or greater accuracy that coverthe range from +5 to 40C with 0.1C (or finer) increments(consult the bath manufacturer for calibration details). As withthe air bath, compare these results with an RTD in order toverify an accurate reading. For furthe
30、r verification of thetemperature control in air or liquid baths, see Annex A4.6.10 Blank SampleA fluid that is close in chemistry tothose being tested for the purpose of determining the tempera-ture experienced within a sample.7. Use of Reference Fluids7.1 The use of standard reference fluids, detai
31、led in AnnexA3 and Annex A4, was developed to ensure more precisecontrol of the apparent viscosity measurements. Each newspindle should be run with a reference oil prior to testingsamples to ensure accurate results. With analog viscometers,the procedure to calculate expected reference fluid dial rea
32、d-ings and interpret observed reference fluid dial readings isgiven in Annex A3. Although the dial reading limits listed inAnnex A3 are typical of the data received from severalextensive round robins, more precise control is both desirableand possible with digital equipment.7The sole source of suppl
33、y of the Brookfield viscometer and accessories knownto the committee at this time is Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc.,Stoughton, MA 02072.8The sole source of supply of these items known to the committee at this timeis Lawler Manufacturing, Inc., 7 Kilmer Ct., Eddison, NJ 08817.NOTEAdapted f
34、rom drawings of Brookfield Engineering Laboratories.FIG. 1 Diagram of No. 4 LV Cylindrical SpindleD 2983 04a28. Procedure8.1 Preparation of the Bath:8.1.1 Set the test temperature of the cold cabinet, monitorthe temperature with a blank sample, and allow the bath tostabilize at the desired test temp
35、erature. Do not put any testsamples in the turntable.8.1.2 After equilibration, check the bath temperature by thethermometer or thermometric device immersed in a blanksample of oil held by the rotating rack.NOTE 4If a temperature adjustment is made, it may require at least 1h for temperature equilib
36、ration. Depending on specific bath characteris-tics, longer times for equilibration may be required after major tempera-ture changes. Do not adjust bath temperature after 4 h into the sample-conditioning period because the apparent viscosity of the sample may besignificantly changed.8.2 Preparation
37、of Sample:8.2.1 Shake the sample container thoroughly and placeabout 30 mLinto the test cell. It is essential that the appropriatereference fluids be run at the beginning and end of each testseries (and results recorded) to indicate the sample temperaturechange that results from frequent opening of
38、the cold cabinet.Reference fluids do not require pre-conditioning; however,they should be handled in the same manner as the test fluids inall other ways.AnnexA4 details the calculation of the apparentrun temperature from reference fluid viscosity and rpm data.The change in apparent run temperature (
39、from run to run) maynot exceed 0.4C. The apparent run temperature itself shouldbe within 60.3C of the set test temperature.NOTE 5If the apparent viscosity of the sample is unknown, use twosamples, one for determination of the rpm and one for determination ofapparent viscosity.8.2.2 Cover each sample
40、 (such as with aluminum foil).Maintain the sample at 50 6 3C for 30 6 5 minutes. If usinga liquid bath, then cover each sample with an airtight seal (suchas a finger cot).NOTE 6This preheating step has been proven important in othercritical low-temperature ASTM methods and is designed to remove anym
41、emory effects that may develop from previous low-temperature expo-sures or structure formations. Higher temperatures and longer preheatingtimes are being explored.8.3 Remove the test cells from the heating source and allowto cool to room temperature (25 6 5C) and then remove thecovers.8.3.1 Cover th
42、e test cell (6.4) with the cell stopper (6.5) anduse the spindle clip (6.3) to support the spindle (6.2) and lowerinto the test cell so that the center of the spindle immersionmark is slightly below the liquid surface (to allow sampleshrinkage due to cooling). This reduces the amount of distur-bance
43、 placed on the sample before measurement later in themethod. See Fig. 1 for diagram.NOTE 7Handle and store the spindles and instrument with care at allFIG. 2 Cell StopperD 2983 04a3times. Check the calibration of each spindle periodically with reference oil(see Section 7). Do not use any damaged or
44、noticeably bent spindles.8.4 Put the test cells and insulated test cell carriers into thecold cabinet. So as not to restrict airflow within the airchamber, do not put too many cell carriers into the air chamber.This can be checked by contacting the cold cabinet manufac-turer.8.5 Once the last cell h
45、as been loaded, let the sample soakfor no less than 16 h. Experience has shown that6hisasufficient soak time for automatic transmission fluids at17.8C. Since this shorter soak time speeds data productionand is used in some automatic transmission fluids specifica-tions, it is the only exception to th
46、e 16-h soak time allowed bythis test method (see 8.10).8.6 During the soak period, align the viscometer by usingthe bubble level located on the viscometer.8.6.1 After turning on the power, zero the viscometer withno spindle attached (some digital models have an auto-zeroingfeature).8.6.2 For digital
47、 viscometers select the S64 spindle selec-tion or the setting that corresponds to the No. 4 or No. 4B2spindles.After selecting the S64 spindle, immediately press thespindle selection key again to store the change. Failure to pressthe spindle selection key within 2 s will cause the viscometerto retai
48、n the last spindle used and therefore may lead to the useof the wrong spindle selection.NOTE 8Refer to the viscometer manufacturer for more detailedinstructions on viscometer care and calibration.8.7 After the 16-h soak is complete, individually transferand test the samples as follows (It is essenti
49、al that theprocedure be followed in detail for the proper operation of thistest):8.7.1 Check the level of the viscometer.NOTE 9It is very important that the viscometer be level duringmeasurement.8.7.2 Record the temperature of the blank sample.8.7.3 Turn the turntable rotation and the air blower off.8.7.4 Allow the air blower and the turntable to come to acomplete stop then open the cold cabinet and put onetemperature-conditioned test cell into a temperature-conditioned insulated cell carrier and remove from th
copyright@ 2008-2019 麦多课文库（www.mydoc123.com）网站版权所有
备案/许可证编号：苏ICP备17064731号-1