1、Designation: D2983 09D2983 15Standard Test Method forLow-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured byBrookfield Viscometer1,2This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test
3、 method covers the use of Brookfield viscometers of appropriate torque for the determination of the low-shear-rateviscosity of lubricants.The test is may be applied over the viscosity range of 500500 mPas to 900 000 mPas 900 000 mPas withina low temperature range appropriate to the capacity of the v
4、iscometer head.31.2 This test method contains three procedures: ProcedureAis used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparationfor viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samplesin preparation for viscosity m
5、easurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bathis used to cool samples in preparation for viscosity measurement.1.3 The range of viscosity used to generate the precision data for this test method was from 1000 to 900 000 mPas. 300 mPasto 170 000 mPas
6、 at test temperatures from 12 C to 40 C. The ILS also included viscosities beyond 500 000 mPas andtemperatures down to 55 C and are included in Appendix X5. Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specificallytargeted hydraulic fluid ranging from 500500 mPas to 1700 mPas.1.4 The values
7、stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second (mPas), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPas).1.5 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardou
8、s material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for detail
9、s and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
10、 with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleu
11、m ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum Products, and LubricantsD5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using aTemperature-Scanning TechniqueE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE644 Test Method
12、s for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009Oct. 15, 2015. Publishe
13、d November 2009February 2016. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20042009as D2983D2983 09.04a. DOI: 10.1520/D2983-09.10.1520/D2983-15.2 Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc., 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02
14、346,.3 Selby, T. W., “Automatic Transmission Fluid Viscosity at Low-Temperatures and Its Effect on Transmission Performance,” Transactions, Society of AutomotiveEngineers, Vol. 68, 1960, pp. 457-465.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service
15、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous ve
16、rsion. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes se
17、ction appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers2.2 European Procedure:ISO Standar
18、d:5CEC L18-A-80ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosityviscosity, ndynamic the determined viscosity determinedobtained by use of this test method.Appa
19、rent viscosity may vary with the spindle speed (shear rate) of the Brookfield viscometer if the lubricant is non-Newtonian.See Appendix X1 for a brief explanation. D41753.1.1.1 DiscussionApparent viscosity may vary with the spindle speed (shear rate) of the Brookfield viscometer if the lubricant is
20、non-Newtonian.See Appendix X1 for a brief explanation.3.1.2 reference viscosityviscosity of a Newtonian standard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specifiedtemperatures. Reference viscosities of typical standard reference fluids are listed in Appendix X2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
21、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 bath temperature offset, nthis is the setpoint adjustment needed during the calibration of the Programmable Liquid Bath,Procedure B, to give acceptable reference oil viscosities.3.2.2 blank sample, na Newtonian standard reference fluid used to monitor the temperature expe
22、rienced by the sample in thecold-air cabinet by inserting a thermometric device while placed in the center of the turntable; this fluid shall have a viscosity aslow as possible and be changed on a regular basis.3.2.3 final test temperature, nfor the programmable liquid bath is the test temperature a
23、t which the liquid bath will be heldfor the rest of the 16 h after the cooling profile is completed.3.2.4 intermediate setpoints, nfor the programmable liquid bath are the series of setpoints the bath is taken through while thecooling profile is executing. This cooling profile calculated from A2.2 i
24、s automatically executed by the software.3.2.5 Procedure AThis test protocol utilizes an air bath for the cooling portion of the test and then requires moving the testcells to either a constant liquid bath or balsa blocks during the viscosity analysis.3.2.6 Procedure BThis test protocol utilizes a p
25、rogrammable liquid bath to cool the samples at a pre-determined rate and thenthe viscosity analysis is performed in the same bath.3.2.7 Procedure CThis test protocol utilizes a constant liquid bath and Sim-Air cells, which allow the samples to cool at thesame rate as the air bath, and be tested with
26、in the same constant liquid bath.3.2.8 reference viscosity, nviscosity of a Newtonian standard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specifiedtemperatures. Reference viscosities of typical standard reference fluids are listed in Appendix X2.3.2.9 starting temperature, nfor the programmab
27、le liquid bath is the temperature of the liquid bath at which the samples areloaded into the turn table. This is calculated from A2.2 at zero time. The software provided with the programmable liquid bathautomatically calculates this value.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An oleaginous fluid sample is pr
28、eheated, allowed to stabilize at room temperature, and then poured to a predetermined depthinto a glass cell, and an insulated or uninsulated spindle is inserted through a special stopper and suspended by a clip.An alternativesample preparation is to fill a glass cell or stator to the predetermined
29、depth with the oleaginous fluid, an insulated or uninsulatedspindle is inserted through a special stopper and suspended by a clip; then this entire sample assembly is preheated and allowedto come to room temperature. A reference fluid with a known viscosity value is also prepared. The contained samp
30、le is cooled toa predetermined temperature for 16 h 16 h and analyzed by a Brookfield viscometer and, depending on the viscometer model used,the viscosity of the test fluid is read directly from the viscometer or the resultant torque reading is used to calculate the viscosityof the oil at the temper
31、ature chosen. The reference fluid is verified at that temperature for accuracy purposes.5. Significance and Use5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, andindustrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Annex A4Appendix X
32、4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of5 Available from The Coordinating European Council for the Development of Performance Tests for Fuels, Lubricants and Other Fluids, Madou Plaza, 25th floor, PlaceMadou 1, B 1210, Brussels, Belgium,American National Standards Institute (ANSI
33、), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.www.cectests.org.D2983 152many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used tospecify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of
34、 specifications.5.2 This test method describes how to measure apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniquesusing extrapolation of experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.NOTE 1Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpolation
35、or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by gelation andother forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque. Only in the case of known Newtonian oils at the temperature desired is interpolationacceptable for the purpose of calibrating the spindle and glass cell (see Ann
36、ex A1).6. Apparatus6.1 Brookfield Viscometer2,6Analog Model LVT or more recent digital models (for example, LVDV-II+) are required. It isnecessary that the viscometer is in good working order prior to operation and that the viscometer head and spindle is calibratedperiodically with a reference fluid
37、.yearly.6.2 Viscometer Spindle2,6Non-insulatedInsulated Brookfield Viscometer No. 44B2 steel spindles (used in air bath), insulatedNo. 4B2 spindles (air or liquid baths), or Tannas No. 4 glass or carbon composition spindles (air or liquid baths) may be used (seeused. Note that the uninsulated spindl
38、e shown in Fig. 1a, b, c, and d, respectively).a may only be used in Air Bath Method(Procedure A).NOTE 2All spindles should be calibrated periodically (see Note 4, 7.1, and Annex A3).NOTE 3Use of non-insulated steel spindles can result in low results in liquid baths, particularly at lower temperatur
39、es and higher viscosities becauseof metal heat transfer. It is recommended to use partially or fully insulated spindles such as shown in Fig. 1b, c, and d.6.2.1 When using No. 4B2 spindles (see spindles, Fig. 1b), ensure that both steel ends are firmly embedded in the insulatingsection between them
40、(see Fig. 1b). A a). When a slight twist is given to the two metal sections on either side of the insulatingcylinder cylinder, they should not be able to detect movement.move relative to each other.6.2.2 Periodically (depending on use, but at least every 3 months) inspect spindles for run-out (wobbl
41、e) when attached to theBrookfield viscometer. The total run-out of the spindle shall not exceed 1 mm unless the spindle is recalibrated in which caserun-out may be considered corrected (see example in 1 mm (0 mm 6 0.5 mm). Table A3.1).6 If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
42、information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.NOTE 1Spindle dimensions:OD = 3.15 mm 6 0.03 mm at bottom;length = 31.1 mm 6 0.1 mmFIG. 1 Diagram of Four Forms of Spindles Used
43、in this Test MethodD2983 153NOTE 2It is good laboratory practice to store spindles in a protective manner. Do not leave composite spindles for extended periods in cleaningsolvent.6.3 Test StatorA glass tube of sufficient diameter to have essentially no influence on the rotation of the spindle compar
44、ed tothe viscous drag of the test fluid even at viscosities above 100 000100 000 mPas.6.3.1 Test Tube Stator(See Fig. 2.) A commercially standard test tube of approximately 25 mm 25 mm ID and 115 mm inlength.115 mm in length, with a fill line indicating approximately 30 mL.6.3.2 SimAir Stator7(See F
45、ig. 2.) The stator portion of a special air sealed cell made for this ASTM Method. This stator alsohas a fill line but the sample volume is approximately 15 mL.NOTE 3This patented cell7 (which also includes a composite rotor, keyed connecting device for quick spindle engagement, and cell stopper) si
46、mulatesthe air-bath cooling rate when inserted into a constant temperature liquid bath (see 8.66.8.2). The keyed connector is not essential to the test but makesspindle attachment faster with fewer disturbances of the sample.6.4 Cell Stopper(See Fig. 3). An insulating cap that fits on and into the t
47、est cell with a centered hole large enough for thespindle to turn with sufficient clearance to avoid contact with the walls of the centered hole and of a height above the cell thatallows a spindle clip to hold the spindle at the proper height in the test fluid during cooling.6.5 Spindle Clip 6,8(See
48、 Fig. 3.) A clip or spacer that lies on top of the cell stopper or is affixed to the spindle and supportsthe spindle at proper immersion depth during cool-down. One type of clip is shown in Fig. 3.6.6 Insulated Cell Carrier(Fig. 4.) A balsa wood carrier block used only with cold-air cabinets that ke
49、eps the test cell coldduring transfer of the test cell from the cold air cabinet to the viscometer and subsequent analysis. Opposing plastic windows inthe carrier side walls permit adjustment of the spindle immersion indicator for testing (see 8.5.3.88.4).6.6.1 When a refrigerated liquid bath is used for final sample soak for the last half hour at analysis temperature (see temperature,8.8), the balsa block is also used for sample transfer to the liquid bath and immediately returned to the cold cab
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