1、Designation: D2983 16D2983 17Standard Test Method forLow-Temperature Viscosity of Automatic TransmissionFluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants using a RotationalViscometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2983; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Depa
3、rtment of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the use of rotational viscometers with an appropriate torque range and specific spindle for thedetermination of the low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, hydraulic fluids, and some lubricants. Thistest method cove
4、rs the viscosity range of 300 mPas to 900 000 mPas1.2 This test method was previously titled “Low-Temperature Viscosity of Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer.” Inthe lubricant industry, D2983 test results have often been referred to as “Brookfield2 Viscosity” which implies a viscositydeter
5、mined by this method.1.3 This test method contains three procedures: ProcedureAis used when only an air bath is used to cool samples in preparationfor viscosity measurement. Procedure B is used when a mechanically refrigerated programmable liquid bath is used to cool samplesin preparation for viscos
6、ity measurement. Procedure C is used when a mechanically refrigerated constant temperature liquid bathis used to cool samples by means of a simulated air cell (SimAir)3 Cell in preparation for viscosity measurement.1.4 The range of viscosity used to generate the precision data for this test method w
7、as from 300 mPas to 170 000 mPas at testtemperatures from 12 C to 40 C. The ILS also included viscosities greater than 500 000 mPas and temperatures down to55 C and are included in Appendix X5. Appendix X4 lists another interlaboratory study that specifically targeted hydraulic fluidranging from 500
8、 mPas to 1700 mPas.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5.1 The test method uses the SI unit, milliPascal-second (mPas), as the unit of viscosity. (1 cP = 1 mPas).1.6 WARNINGMercury has been designated by many
9、 regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material
10、Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the s
11、afety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internatio
12、nally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Com
13、mittee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2016May 1, 2017. Published March 2017May 2017. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 asD2983 15
14、.D2983 16. DOI: 10.1520/D2983-16.10.1520/D2983-17.2 Brookfield viscometer and accessories are a trademark of AMETEK Brookfield, Inc, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 02346, http:/.3 SimAir is a trademark of Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI 48642, http:/.This document is not an ASTM st
15、andard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all ca
16、ses only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced
17、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:4D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD5133 Test Method for Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate, Viscosity/Temperature Dependence of Lubricating Oils Using aTe
18、mperature-Scanning TechniqueD7962 Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measurement DriftE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance ThermometersE2877 Guide for Digital Contact Therm
19、ometers2.2 ISO Standard:5ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity, nthe determined viscosity obtained by use of this test method. D41753.1.1.1 DiscussionApparent viscosity may vary with the spindle
20、 speed (shear rate) of a rotational viscometer if the fluid is non-Newtonian. SeeAppendix X1 for a brief explanation.3.1.2 digital contact thermometer (DCT), nan electronic device consisting of a digital display and associated temperaturesensing probe.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThis device consists of a temp
21、erature sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and provides a digital output and/ordisplay of the temperature. The temperature sensing probe is in contact with the mat
22、erial whose temperature is beingmeasured.output. This digital output goes to a digital display and/or recording device that may be internal or external to the device.These devices are sometimes referred to as a “digital thermometer” or a “portable electronic thermometer (PET)”.thermometer.”3.1.2.2 D
23、iscussionPET is an acronym for portable electronic thermometers, a subset of digital contact thermometers (DCT).3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blank sample, na Newtonian standard reference fluid used to monitor the temperature experienced by the sample in thecold-air cabine
24、t by inserting a thermometric device while placed in the center of the turntable; this fluid shall have a viscosity aslow as possible and be changed on a regular basis.3.2.2 final test temperature, nfor the programmable liquid bath is the test temperature at which the liquid bath will be heldfor the
25、 rest of the 16 h after the cooling profile is completed.3.2.3 intermediate setpoints, nfor the programmable liquid bath are the series of setpoints the bath is taken through while thecooling profile is executing. This cooling profile calculated from A2.2 is automatically executed by the software.3.
26、2.4 Procedure AThis test protocol utilizes an air bath for the cooling portion of the test and then requires moving the testcells to either a constant liquid bath or insulated carrierbalsa blocks during the viscosity analysis.3.2.5 Procedure BThis test protocol utilizes a programmable liquid bath to
27、 cool the samples at a pre-determined rate and thenthe viscosity analysis is performed in the same bath.3.2.6 Procedure CThis test protocol utilizes a constant liquid bath and Sim-Air cells, which allow the samples to cool at thesame rate as the air bath, and be tested within the same constant liqui
28、d bath.3.2.7 reference viscosity, nviscosity of a Newtonian standard reference fluid specified at each of several user-specifiedtemperatures. Reference viscosities of typical standard reference fluids are listed in Appendix X2.4 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or c
29、ontactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D2983
30、 1723.2.8 starting temperature, nfor the programmable liquid bath is the temperature of the liquid bath at which the samples areloaded into the turn table. This is calculated from A2.2 at zero time. The software provided with the programmable liquid bathautomatically calculates this value.4. Summary
31、 of Test Method4.1 An oleaginous fluid sample is preheated, allowed to stabilize at room temperature, and then poured to a predetermined depthinto a glass cell, and an insulated or uninsulated spindle is inserted through a special stopper and suspended by a clip.An alternativesample preparation is t
32、o fill a glass cell or stator to the predetermined depth with the oleaginous fluid, an insulated or uninsulatedspindle is inserted through a special stopper and suspended by a clip; then this entire sample assembly is preheated and allowedto come to room temperature. A reference fluid with a known v
33、iscosity value is also prepared. The contained sample is cooled toa predetermined temperature for 16 h and analyzed by a rotational viscometer and, depending on the viscometer model used, theviscosity of the test fluid is read directly from the viscometer or the resultant torque reading is used to c
34、alculate the viscosity ofthe oil at the temperature chosen. The reference fluid is used to verify the test temperature for accuracy purposes.5. Significance and Use5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, andindustrial
35、and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of manymechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specifytheir acceptance for service. This test method is used in a
36、 number of specifications.5.2 Initially this test method was developed to determine whether an automatic transmission fluid (ATF) would meet OEM lowtemperature performance criterion originally defined using a particular model viscometer.6 The viscosity range covered in theoriginal ATF performance co
37、rrelation studies was from less than 1000 mPas to more than 60 000 mPas. The success of the ATFcorrelation and the development of this test method has over time been applied to other fluids and lubricants such as gear oils,hydraulic fluids, and so forth.5.3 This test method describes how to measure
38、apparent viscosity directly without the errors associated with earlier techniquesusing extrapolation of experimental viscometric data obtained at higher temperatures.NOTE 1Low temperature viscosity values obtained by either interpolation or extrapolation of oils may be subject to errors caused by ge
39、lation andother forms of non-Newtonian response to spindle speed and torque.6. Apparatus6.1 Rotational Viscometer7A rotational viscometer with a maximum torque between 0.0670 mNm and 0.0680 mNm andcapable of sensing a change in torque of less than 0.00067 mNm. It shall acquire torque data at a rate
40、of at least 60 times perrevolution and have a selection of spindle speeds consisting of at least 0.6 rmin, 1.5 rmin, 3.0 rmin, 6.0 rmin, 12.0 rmin,30.0 rmin, and 60.0 rmin. Additional spindle speeds of 0.3 rmin and 120 rmin are desirable. The viscometer is to be calibratedat least yearly.6.2 Viscome
41、ter SpindleSpindles conforming to the following dimensions (Fig. 1): A 115 mm, B 3.15 mm, C = 3.15 mm 60.03 mm, D = 31.1 mm 6 0.1 mm and made from stainless steel or a composite material that is not thermally conductive. has alower thermal conductivity. The narrow middle segment shall be 9.5 mm in l
42、ength and 1.8 mm in diameter. In the center of themiddle segment will be a narrow band that is centered in this segment and 35.6 mm 6 0.5 mm from the bottom of the spindle.The insulated spindle shown in Fig. 1 shall have a gap of 4 mm in the upper segment, which is covered by a material with poorthe
43、rmal conduction and pinned to both the upper and lower portions of the upper segment. The gap is to be placed at approximatelythe mid-point of upper segment. A Brookfield (trademarked) #4B2 conforms to these requirements. The Tannas No. 4 compositespindles8 must be used in Procedure C. Uninsulated s
44、teel spindles (No. 4) shall only be used with theAir Bath Method (ProcedureA).6.2.1 When using an insulated steel spindle, such as Brookfield No. 4B2 spindle, ensure that both steel ends are firmly connectedto the insulating section. When a slight twist is given to the two metal sections on either s
45、ide of the insulating cylinder, they shouldnot move relative to each other.6.2.2 Periodically (depending on use, but at least every 3 months) inspect spindles for run-out (wobble) when attached to theviscometer. The total run-out of the spindle shall not exceed 1 mm (0 mm 6 0.5 mm).6 Selby, T. W., “
46、Automatic Transmission Fluid Viscosity at Low-Temperatures and Its Effect on Transmission Performance,” Transactions, Society of AutomotiveEngineers, Vol. 68, 1960, pp. 457-465.7 The sole source of supply known to the committee at this time is Brookfield AMETEK, 11 Commerce Blvd., Middleboro, MA 023
47、46, http:/. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.8 The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to
48、the committee at this time is Tannas Co., 4800 James Savage Rd., Midland, MI, http:/. Ifyou are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meetingof the responsible technical committee,1 wh
49、ich you may attend.D2983 173NOTE 2It is good laboratory practice to store spindles in a protective manner. Do not leave composite spindles for extended periods in cleaningsolvent.6.3 Test StatorA glass tube of sufficient diameter to have essentially no influence on the rotation of the spindle compared tothe viscous drag of the test fluid even at viscosities above 100 000 mPas.6.3.1 Test Tube Stator(See Fig. 2.)Acommerci
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