1、Designation: D2995 99 (Reapproved 2009)D2995 14Standard Practice forEstimating Application Rate and Residual Application Rateof Bituminous Distributors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. S
3、cope1.1 This practice covers the determination of transverse and longitudinal application rate and residual application rate of asphaltdistributors in gallons per square yard (or litres per square metre).1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in pa
4、rentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish approp
5、riate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.3 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are forinformation purposes only.2. Summary of Practice2.1 Test Method A: Pre-weighe
6、d pads are placed on the surface of the roadway in front of the distributor. The asphalt distributoris driven over the pads while spraying asphalt. For OptionA, the pads are immediately removed from the roadway and immediatelyreweighed. The weight of asphalt applied to the pads is determined by subt
7、raction and the rate of application is calculated. OptionB, for emulsified asphalt, includes oven drying the pads to a constant weight to determine the residual asphalt application rate.2.1.1 Pre-weighed calibration pads are placed on the surface of the roadway in front of the distributor to be cali
8、brated. Theasphalt distributor to be calibrated is driven over the calibration pads while spraying asphalt. The calibration pads are removedfrom the roadway and reweighed. The weight of asphalt applied to the pads is determined by subtraction and the rate of applicationis calculated.NOTE 1Option B i
9、s not to be used for cutback asphalts.2.2 Test Method B:2.2.1 Containers are placed under each nozzle of a bituminous distributor and bituminous material is sprayed into the containersfor a known period of time. The volume of bituminous material sprayed after this period is calculated. The transvers
10、e uniformityof bituminous material sprayed on the pavement is obtained from this calculation and the distribution of bituminous materialapplied longitudinally on the pavement is calculated as a function of the distributor velocity.3. Significance and Use3.1 Option AThe amount transverse and longitud
11、inal application rate and variability in application rate of bituminous materialapplied to a pavement surface using a bituminous distributor can be estimated using the described procedure.Option A.3.2 Option BThe transverse and longitudinal residual application rate and variability in residual appli
12、cation rate fromemulsified asphalt applications to a pavement surface using a bituminous distributor can be estimated by using Option B.4. Apparatus4.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g.4.2 Test Methods A and B:Weighing Box or Balance Shield,1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04
13、on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.24 on BituminousAsphalt Surface Treatments.Current edition approved June 1, 2009July 15, 2014. Published July 2009September 2015. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asD2995 04.D2995
14、 99 (2009). DOI: 10.1520/D2995-99R09.10.1520/D2995-14.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes ac
15、curately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United S
16、tates14.1.1 Balance, sensitive to 0.1 g.required at site for Option A, to protect balance from wind when the balance is in use at theproject site (see Fig. 1).4.1.2 Weighing Box or Balance Shield, to protect balance from wind when the balance is in use at the project site (see Fig. 1).4.1.3 Balance
17、Table and Work Table, for weighing.4.3 Balance Table and Work Table, for weighing.4.4 Test Method B: Oven,4.2.1 Elliptical Containers, measuring approximately 3.5 in. (88.9 mm) along the short axis and 9 in. (228.6 mm) along the longaxis of the ellipse and 8 in. (203.2 mm) in height, capable of an i
18、nternal volume of approximately 1 gal.for drying the samplesfor Option B, capable of maintaining a temperature of 230 6 9F (110 6 5C).4.2.2 Rubber Bands, capable of a snug fit when stretched around the elliptical containers.4.2.3 Stopwatch, capable of recording to the nearest 0.1 s.5. Materials5.1 T
19、est Method A: Geotextile Pads (or other durable absorbent pads),5.1.1 Geotextile Pads, 2 weighing a minimum of 8 oz/yd2 and measuring 12 in. (304.8 mm) by 12 in. (304.8 mm).2 weighinga minimum of 8 oz/yd2 and measuring 12 in. (304.8 mm) by 12 in. (304.8 mm).5.1.2 Aluminized Duct Tape, measuring 2 in
20、. (50.8 mm) wide and 6 in. (152.4 mm) long.5.1.3 Butcher Paper #50, 3 measuring 30 in. (762 mm) by 950 ft, for temporary protection of geotextile pads during calibration.5.2 Test Method B:Aluminized Duct Tape,5.2.1 Plastic Bags, capable of fitting inside the elliptical cans but of sufficiently large
21、r dimension to allow folding over the edgeof the elliptical containers once placed inside. measuring 2 in. (50.8 mm) wide and 6 in. (152.4 mm) long.5.3 Butcher Paper #50 (or other durable paper), 3 measuring approximately 30 in. (762 mm) wide for temporary protection ofgeotextile pads during calibra
22、tion.6. Procedure (Transverse Application Rate)6.1 Select enough of the geotextile fabric pads so that when placed transversely end-to-end on the roadway a continuous stripis created across the width of the roadway to be sprayed with asphalt.6.2 Create a loop with the duct tape with the adhesive sid
23、e facing out. Place two loops of duct tape on one edge of each of thegeotextile fabric pads.6.3 Obtain the weight of the pad and tape assembly to the nearest 0.1 g.2 Non-woven, needle punched, heat fused on one side geotextiles by Phillips Fibers, Monsanto, and Amoco have been found to be suitable m
24、aterials for this purpose.3 Butcher paper from Baumann Paper Co., Baumann Rd., Lexington, KY has been found to be suitable for this purpose.FIG. 1 Weighing Box and BalanceD2995 1426.4 Place the pad assembly with the tape facing down on the roadway so the taped edge is facing the distributor.Apply pr
25、essureto the taped pad to secure it to the roadway. Continue this operation for the remaining pads for the entire width desired formeasurement.6.5 Test Method A: Place two sheets of the butcher paper over the pad assemblies in the area where the distributor tires will fallon the pad assemblies as sh
26、own in Fig. 2. These sheets should be positioned so they protect the pad assemblies from damage bythe distributor tires as the truck passes over the pad assemblies. The sheets of butcher paper should adhere to the front and reartires as the distributor passes over the pad assemblies leaving the pad
27、assemblies available to receive the asphalt as it is sprayedonto the roadway surface.6.1.1 Select enough of the geotextile fabric pads so that when placed end-to-end on the roadway a continuous strip is createdacross the width of the roadway to be sprayed with asphalt.6.1.2 Create a loop with the du
28、ct tape with the adhesive side facing out. Place two loops of duct tape on one edge of each ofthe geotextile fabric pads.6.1.3 Obtain the weight of the pad and tape assembly to the nearest 0.1 g.6.1.4 Place the pad assembly with the tape facing down on the roadway so the taped edge is facing the dis
29、tributor. Applypressure to the taped pad to secure it to the roadway. Continue this operation for the remaining pads for the entire width desiredfor calibration.6.1.5 Place two sheets of the butcher paper over the pad assemblies in the area where the distributor tires will fall on the padassemblies
30、as shown in Fig. 2. These sheets should be positioned so they protect the pad assemblies from damage by the distributortires as the truck passes over the pad assemblies. The sheets of butcher paper should adhere to the front and rear tires as thedistributor passes over the pad assemblies leaving the
31、 pad assemblies available to receive the asphalt as it is sprayed onto theroadway surface.6.1.6 As soon as the distributor has passed over the calibration pad assemblies, remove each pad assembly from the roadway.6.1.7 Weigh each pad to the nearest 0.1 g. Record the weight of each pad and the pad po
32、sition on the roadway on the reportform.6.6 Test Method B: Option A6.2.1 Insert one plastic bag into each elliptical can. Wrap the excess plastic over the top of the can and secure with a rubberband. As soon as the distributor has passed over the calibration pad assemblies, remove each pad assembly
33、from the roadway,remove the tape from the pad, and weigh immediately.46.2.2 Record the weight of the elliptical can, plastic and rubber band assembly to the nearest 0.1 g.6.2.3 Place one can assembly under each nozzle to be calibrated in the spraybar of the asphalt distributor. Ensure that the topof
34、 the can assembly is equal to or above the bottom of each nozzle.6.2.4 Activate the spraybar so that when the asphalt is sprayed from each nozzle it is completely collected in each pre-weighedcan assembly. Start the stopwatch the instant the asphalt begins to fill the can assembly.6.2.5 Stop the flo
35、w of asphalt to the spraybar when the can assembly is approximately 34 full. Stop the stopwatch the instantthe asphalt stops flowing into the can assembly.6.2.6 Record the weight of each can assembly in the proper space on the report form.6.2.7 Record the time elapsed between the beginning and end o
36、f the flow of asphalt to the can assembly.4 Martin, Robbie,Option A “Chip Seal Coat Practice in Texas,” Proceedings of the 26th Paving and Transportation Conference and Symposium on Chip Seal Practice,Albuquerque, NM, 1989.The pads need to be weighed as soon as possible to minimize error due to loss
37、 of water or other volatile components.FIG. 2 Position of Calibration Pad Assemblies for Transverse Rate Determination and Duct Taped PadD2995 1436.7 Option BDry each pad to a constant weight in an oven maintained at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C).6.8 Weigh each pad to the nearest 0.1 g. Record the weight of e
38、ach pad and the pad position on the roadway on the report form.7. Procedure (Longitudinal Application Rate)7.1 Test Method A: Prepare the pads and tape assemblies as described in 6.2 through 6.4. Position enough pads edge to edgedown the pavement so the application rate in the long direction to be s
39、prayed is covered as shown in Fig. 3. Position the pads sothe distributor tires do not come in contact with the pads.7.1.1 Prepare the calibration pads and tape assemblies as described in 6.1.2 through 6.1.4. Position enough pads edge to edgedown the pavement so the application rate in the long dire
40、ction to be sprayed is covered as shown in Fig. 3. Position the pads sothe distributor tires do not come in contact with the pads.7.1.2 As soon as the distributor has sprayed asphalt on the calibration pads, remove to the weigh table.7.1.3 Weigh each pad assembly to the nearest 0.1 g. Record the wei
41、ght of each pad and the position on the report form.7.2 Test Method B: Option A7.2.1 Test Method B (6.2) must be completed before conducting this section.As soon as the distributor has passed over the padassemblies, remove each pad assembly from the roadway and weigh immediately.47.2.2 Determine for
42、ward velocity of asphalt distributor in feet per minute from the previously calibrated speedometer on theequipment or by measuring the time required for the equipment to pass over a measured length on the pavement. Record this rateas (G).7.2.3 Measure the spray width. Record this distance in feet as
43、 (H).7.3 Option BDry each pad to a constant weight in an oven maintained at 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) prior to weighing.7.4 Weigh each pad assembly to the nearest 0.1 g. Record the weight of each pad and the position on the report form.8. Calculation (Transverse Application Rate)8.1 Subtract the tare weig
44、ht of each pad assembly from the gross weight of each bituminous coated pad assembly. (Omit anypads not completely covered with bituminous material.)8.2 Test Method A: Determine the spray rate in gallons per square yard or litres per square metre for each pad assembly asfollows:Application Rate,gal/
45、yd25A/G! 30.000264 gal/mL39ft 2/yd2 (1)Application Rate,1/m25A/G! 30.001 LmL310.764 ft 2/m2 (2)where:A = net weight of bituminous material per pad assembly, g, andG = specific gravity of bituminous material at spray temperature.FIG. 3 Position of Calibration Pad Assemblies for LongitudinalRate Deter
46、minationD2995 1448.1.1 Subtract the tare weight of each pad assembly from the gross weight of each bituminous coated pad assembly. (Omit anypads not completely covered with bituminous material.)8.1.2 Determine the spray rate in gallons per square yard or litres per square metre for each pad assembly
47、 as follows:Rate,gal/yd25A/G! 30.000264 gal/cc39ft 2/yd2 (1)Rate,1/m25A/G! 30.001 1/cc310.764 ft 2/m2 (2)where:A = net weight of bituminous material per pad assembly, g, andG = specific gravity of bituminous material at spray temperature.8.2 Test Method B:8.2.1 Calculate the flow rate of asphalt fro
48、m each nozzle as shown in Fig. 4.8.2.2 A deviation from the average rate of flow of 10 % or less has been found to be an acceptable variation.4 Nozzles with avariation greater than 10 % should be replaced and recalibrated. Persistent variation for a given nozzle position in the spraybarindicates dif
49、ficulty with the spraybar, pump, or other distribution equipment and should be evaluated before calibration iscontinued.9. Calculation (Longitudinal Application Rate)9.1 Test Method A: Follow same procedure as 8.1 and 8.2.9.1.1 Follow same procedure as 8.1.1 and 8.1.2.9.2 Test Method B:9.2.1 The longitudinal application rate for bituminous distributors with spray systems independent of the vehicle drivemechanism is:Rate,gal/yd259F!/G! 3H! (3)Rate, 1/m2540.746F!/G! 3H!# (4)where:F = asphalt rate, gal/min,G = distributor rate, ft/min, andH = sprayed wi
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