1、Designation: D 2997 01 (Reapproved 2007)e1An American National StandardStandard Specification forCentrifugally Cast “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedThermosetting-Resin) Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2997; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Dep
3、artment of Defense.e1NOTENote 4 was editorially revised in April 2007.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers machine-made glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pressure pipe manufactured bythe centrifugal casting process. Included are a classificationsystem and requirements for materials, mecha
4、nical properties,dimensions, performance, test methods, and marking.NOTE 1The term “fiberglass pipe” as described in Section 3 applies toboth reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP) and reinforced polymermortar pipe (RPMP).NOTE 2Pipe covered by this specification has been found suitable forconvey
5、ing gases, petroleum products, or corrosive fluids.NOTE 3For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not includenatural polymers.1.2 The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.NOTE 4There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains onl
6、y to thetest method portion, Section 7, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability
7、 of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesD 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic PipeUnder Constant Internal Pressur
8、eD 1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydrau-lic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and FittingsD 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlasticsD 2105 Test Method for Longitudinal Tensile Properties of“Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe and TubeD 2143
9、 Test Method for Cyclic Pressure Strength of Rein-forced, Thermosetting Plastic PipeD 2310 Classification for Machine-Made “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) PipeD 2412 Test Method for Determination of External LoadingCharacteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate LoadingD 2
10、992 Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure De-sign Basis for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedThermosetting-Resin) Pipe and FittingsD 3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiber-glass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipeand FittingsF 412 Terminology Relating to Plasti
11、c Piping Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nologies D 883 and F 412 and abbreviations with TerminologyD 1600, unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Descrip-tions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aggregate, na
12、 siliceous sand conforming to therequirements of Specification C33, except that the require-ments for gradation shall not apply.3.2.2 centrifugal casting, na manufacturing process usedto produce tubular goods by applying resin and reinforcementto the inside of a mold that is rotated and heated, subs
13、equentlypolymerizing the resin system. The outside diameter (OD) of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved March 15, 2007
14、. Published April 2007. Originallypapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 2997 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standar
15、ds Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the finished pipe is fixed by the inside diameter (ID) of themold tube. The
16、 inside diameter of the pipe is determined by theamount of material introduced into the mold.3.2.3 fiberglass pipe, na tubular product containing glass-fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by curedthermosetting resin; the composite structure may containaggregate, granular or platelet fille
17、rs, thixotropic agents, pig-ments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coat-ings may be included.3.2.4 liner, nthe inner portion of the wall at least 0.005 in.(0.13 mm) in thickness, as determined in 7.4 which does notcontribute to the strength in the determination of the hydro-static
18、design basis.3.2.5 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), na fiber-glass pipe with aggregate.3.2.6 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), nafiberglass pipe without aggregate.3.2.7 reinforced wall thickness, nthe total wall thicknessminus the liner or exterior surface resin layer thickness, orbo
19、th.4. Classification4.1 GeneralPipe meeting this specification is classified bytype, grade, class, and hydrostatic design basis in accordancewith Classification D 2310, and by a secondary cell classifica-tion system that defines the basic mechanical properties of thepipe. These types, grades, classe
20、s, hydrostatic design basiscategories, and cell classification designations are as follows:4.1.1 Types: Type IICentrifugally cast pipe.4.1.2 Grades: Grade 1Glass-fiber-reinforced epoxy-resin pipe.Grade 2Glass-fiber-reinforced polyester-resin pipe.Grade 3Glass-fiber reinforced polydicyclopentadiene-r
21、esin pipe.Grade 8Glass-fiber-reinforced polyester-resin mortarpipe.Grade 9Glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin mortar pipe.4.1.3 Classes:Class ANo liner.Class BPolyester-resin liner, nonreinforced.Class CEpoxy-resin liner, nonreinforced.Class DPolydicyclopentadiene-resin liner, nonreinforced.4.1.4 Hyd
22、rostatic Design BasisTwo methods of classify-ing the hydrostatic design basis of the pipe are provided. Pipemeeting this specification may be classified using either thecyclic test method or the static test method, or both, and thedesignations are shown in Table 1. Appendix X1 explains howto use the
23、 design basis categories shown in Table 1.4.1.5 Mechanical PropertiesTable 2 presents a cell clas-sification system for identifying the mechanical properties ofpipe covered by this specification.NOTE 5All possible combinations covered by the preceding classifi-cation system may not be commercially a
24、vailable.4.1.6 Designation CodeThe pipe designation code shallconsist of the abbreviation RTRP or RPMP, followed by thetype and grade inArabic numerals, the class and static or cyclichydrostatic design basis level in capital letters, and four Arabicnumbers identifying, respectively, the cell classif
25、ication desig-nations of the short-term rupture strength, longitudinal tensilestrength, tensile modulus, and pipe stiffness. Thus, a completepipe designation code shall consist of four letters, two numer-als, two letters, and four numerals.4.1.6.1 ExampleRTRP-21CA-1334. Such a designationwould descr
26、ibe a centrifugally cast, glass-fiber-reinforced,epoxy pipe having a nonreinforced epoxy liner; a long-termcyclic pressure strength level exceeding 2500 psi (17.2 MPa);a short-term rupture strength exceeding 4000 psi (27.6 MPa); alongitudinal tensile strength exceeding 16 000 psi (110 MPa);a longitu
27、dinal tensile modulus exceeding 1.5 by 106psi(10 300 MPa); and a pipe stiffness of 72 psi (496 kPa).NOTE 6Although the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manualrequires that the type classification be roman numerals, it is recognizedthat few companies have stencil-cutting equipment for this style of
28、type,and it is therefore acceptable to mark the product type in arabic numbers.5. Materials5.1 GeneralThe resins, reinforcements, colorants, fillers,and other materials, when combined as a composite structure,shall produce a pipe that shall be classified in accordance tothis specification based on p
29、erformance.6. Requirements6.1 WorkmanshipThe pipe shall be free from all defects,including indentations, delaminations, bubbles, pinholes, for-eign inclusions, and resin-starved areas which, as a result oftheir nature, degree, or extent, detrimentally affect the strengthand serviceability of the pip
30、e. The pipe shall be as uniform ascommercially practicable in color, opacity, density, and otherphysical properties. The pipe shall be round and straight, andthe bore of the pipe shall be smooth and uniform. All pipe endsshall be cut at right angles to the axis of the pipe, and any sharpedges remove
31、d.6.2 Dimensions and Tolerances:6.2.1 Outside DiameterThe outside diameter and toler-ances of pipe meeting this specification shall conform to therequirements in Table 3, when determined in accordance with7.4.6.2.2 Wall ThicknessThe minimum wall thickness of pipefurnished under this specification sh
32、all not at any point be lessthan 87.5 % of the nominal wall thickness published in themanufacturers literature, current at the time of purchase, whenmeasured in accordance with 7.4.TABLE 1 Hydrostatic Design Basis CategoriesCyclic Test Method Static Test MethodDesignationHoop Stress,psi (MPa)Designa
33、tionHoop Stress,psi (MPa)A 2 500 (17.2) Q 5 000 (34.5)B 3 150 (21.7) R 6 300 (43.4)C 4 000 (27.6) S 8 000 (55.2)D 5 000 (34.5) T 10 000 (68.9)E 6 300 (43.4) U 12 500 (86.2)F 8 000 (55.2) W 16 000 (110)G 10 000 (68.9) X 20 000 (138)H 12 500 (86.2) Y 25 000 (172)X 31 500 (217)D 2997 01 (2007)e126.2.3
34、Liner ThicknessExcept for Class A unlined prod-ucts, all other classes shall have a minimum liner thickness of0.005 in. (5 mil), when measured in accordance with 7.4.6.3 PerformancePipe meeting this specification shall becategorized by a long-term static or cyclic hydrostatic designbasis shown in Ta
35、ble 1, when tested in accordance with 7.5 and7.6. Additionally, the pipe shall meet the applicable cell limitrequirements for short-term rupture strength, longitudinal ten-sile strength, tensile modulus, and pipe stiffness described inTable 2, when tested in accordance with 7.7, 7.8, and 7.9.7. Test
36、 Methods7.1 ConditioningCondition the test specimens at 23 62C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity for not lessthan 48 h prior to test, in accordance with Procedure A ofPractice D 618, for those tests where conditioning is required,and in all cases of disagreement.7.2 Test ConditionsConduct
37、 the tests in the StandardLaboratory Atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and 50 65 % relative humidity, unless otherwise specified in the testspecification.7.3 SamplingSamples of pipe to determine conformanceof the material to be short-term rupture requirements shown inTable 2 shall be taken at rand
38、om on a weekly basis or on eachproduction run, whichever is the most frequent. The rate ofsampling for the other tests listed shall be in accordance withthe accepted statistical practice and as agreed upon between thepurchaser and the seller.NOTE 7For individual orders, only those additional tests a
39、nd numberof tests specifically agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller needbe conducted.7.4 Dimensions and TolerancesDetermine in accordancewith Practice D 3567.7.5 Long-Term Cyclic Pressure StrengthDetermine in ac-cordance with Procedure A of Practice D 2992.7.6 Long-Term Static Pressure S
40、trengthDetermine in ac-cordance with Procedure B of Practice D 2992.7.7 Short-Term Rupture StrengthDetermine in accordancewith Test Method D 1599.7.8 Longitudinal Tensile PropertiesDetermine in accor-dance with Test Method D 2105.7.9 Pipe StiffnessDetermine in accordance with TestMethod D 2412. The
41、reported stiffness shall be based on 5 %deflection.8. Certification8.1 When agreed upon in writing by the purchaser and theseller, a certification shall be made the basis of acceptance ofthe material. This shall consist of a copy of the manufacturerstest report or a statement by the seller accompani
42、ed by a copyof the test results, that the material has been sampled, tested,and inspected in accordance with the provisions of the speci-fication. Each certification so furnished shall be signed by anauthorized agent of the seller or the manufacturer.8.2 When original identity cannot be established,
43、 certifica-tion can only be based on the sampling procedure provided bythe applicable specification.9. Marking9.1 Each piece shall be marked at least once and at lengthsof at least every 15 ft. Each piece of pipe shall be marked withthe following information in such a manner that it remainslegible u
44、nder normal handling and installation practices:9.1.1 Nominal pipe size (for example, 2 in.),9.1.2 Identification of fiberglass pipes in accordance withthe designation code given in Section 5,9.1.3 This designation, D 2997, with which the pipe com-plies, and9.1.4 Manufacturers name (or trademark).TA
45、BLE 2 Physical Property RequirementsDesigna-tion Or-der Num-berMechanical PropertyCell Limits0A1234561 Short time rupture strength hoop tensile stress, min, psi 4 000 12 000 22 000 30 000 40 000 50 000(MPa) (27.6) (82.7) (152) (207) (276) (345)2 Longitudinal tensile strength, min, psi 2 000 8 000 16
46、 000 22 000 30 000 40 000(MPa) (13.8) (55.2) (110) (152) (207) (276)3 Longitudinal tensile modulus, min, psi 3 106 0.6 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.5 3.0(MPa) (4 100) (9 000) (10 300) (13 100) (17 200) (20 700)4 Pipe stiffness at 5 % deflection, psi 9 18 36 72 144 288(kPa) (62) (124) (248) (496) (993) (1 986)A0 =
47、Unspecified.TABLE 3 Outside Dimensions and TolerancesNominal PipeSize, in.in. (mm)1 1.315 6 0.009 (33.401 6 0.229)112 1.900 6 0.009 (48.260 6 0.229)2 2.375 6 0.012 (60.325 6 0.305)212 2.875 6 0.012 (73.025 6 0.305)3 3.500 6 0.012 (88.900 6 0.305)4 4.500 6 0.015 (114.300 6 0.381)6 6.625 6 0.025 (168.
48、275 6 0.635)8 8.625 6 0.025 (219.075 6 0.635)10 10.750 6 0.025 (273.050 6 0.635)12 12.750 6 0.025 (323.850 6 0.635)14 14.000 6 0.035 (355.600 6 0.889)D 2997 01 (2007)e13APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. HYDROSTATIC DESIGN BASIS, CATEGORIES, SERVICE FACTORS, AND PRESSURE RATINGSX1.1 Hydrostatic D
49、esign BasisX1.1.1 The hydrostatic design basis is the estimated long-term hydrostatic strength on which service factors (1.0 or less)are applied to obtain a hydrostatic design stress. The long-termhydrostatic strength is obtained by Practice D 2992. In PracticeD 2992, either Procedure A using data obtained in accordancewith Test Method D 2143 or Procedure B using data obtainedin accordance with Test Method D 1598 is used to determinethe long-term hydrostatic strength extrapolated at 50 years.X1.1.2 The long-term hydrosta
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