1、Designation: D 3014 04aStandard Test Method forFlame Height, Time of Burning, and Loss of Mass of RigidThermoset Cellular Plastics in a Vertical Position1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3014; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Sc
3、ope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard. This test methodcovers a small-scale laboratory screening procedure for com-paring relative extent and time of burning and loss of mass ofrigid thermoset cellular plastics. This test method is to be usedsolely to establish relative burning characteristi
4、cs and shall notbe considered or used as a fire-hazard classification.1.1.1 This test method should not be used for materials thatdrip or melt under the test conditions.1.2 During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, orboth, are evolved which are potentially hazardous to personnel.Adequate pre
5、cautions should be taken to protect the operator.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
6、gulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau-tionary statement is given in 1.2.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire haz
7、ard or fire riskassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions.NOTE 1There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD 1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid CellularPlasticsD 5025 S
8、pecification for Laboratory Burner Used forSmall-Scale Burning Tests on Plastic MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor terms relating to plastics, the defini-tions i
9、n this test method are in accordance with TerminologyD 883. For terms relating to fire, the definitions in this testmethod are in accordance with Terminology E 176.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The specimen is mounted in a vertical chimney with aglass front and ignited with a bunsen burner for 10 s.
10、Theheight and duration of flame and the mass percent retained bythe specimen are recorded.5. Significance and Use5.1 Tests made on rigid cellular materials in accordancewith the conditions described by this test method can be ofconsiderable value in comparing their burning characteristics.The height
11、 and duration of flame and the mass percent retainedby the specimen are recorded.5.2 This test method has been applied to flexible cellularmaterials and other plastics, but no detailed studies have beenconducted to determine its general applicability to thesematerials.5.3 In this procedure, the spec
12、imens are subjected to one ormore specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the end-use conditions arechanged, it may not be possible by or from this test to predictchanges in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Theresults are therefore
13、valid only for the fire-test-exposureconditions described in this procedure.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Chimney, conforming to the dimensions in Fig. 1,Fig. 2, and Fig. 3. The body of the chimney may be eithergalvanized or stainless steel. In it is fastened an insert made of0.025-mm aluminum foil. The inse
14、rt is held in place by a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plasticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties(Section D20.30.03).Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1973. Last previous
15、edition approved in 2004 as D 3014 - 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Change
16、s section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.stainless steel channel that carries three pins to support thespecimen. A heat-resistant glass panel forms the front wall ofthe chimney. A s
17、cale, in millimetres, graduated at 10-mmintervals shall be provided at one side of the glass panel fordetermining flame height (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 4). The scale shallbegin 51 mm above the bottom of the chimney.6.2 Timer, capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 s fordetermining the duration of burni
18、ng.6.3 BurnerA standard gas burner with a 9.5-mm insidediameter barrel capable of producing a flame with an innercone of 960C is required to ignite the specimens. SeeSpecification D 5025 for burner construction.6.4 Balance, capable of weighing to the nearest 0.01 g forweighing the specimen.6.5 Test
19、ChamberA relatively draft-free laboratory hood.The fan shall be off during the test, but turned on immediatelyfollowing the test to remove products of combustion.7. Test Specimens7.1 Cut six specimens from material of uniform density. Thespecimens shall be 254 by 19 by 19 mm and shall be free ofdust
20、, and the cut edges shall be smooth. If any specimen variesby more than 5 % from the average density of the six (see 9.1),the sample shall be considered unacceptable for testing by thistest method.8. Conditioning8.1 Condition the specimens a minimum of 24 h at atmo-spheric conditions of 23 6 2C and
21、50 6 5 % relativehumidity.8.2 The specimens shall remain in the temperature- andhumidity-controlled atmosphere until immediately before test-ing.9. Procedure9.1 Determine the density of each specimen in accordancewith Test Method D 1622.9.2 Weigh and record the mass (M) of each specimen to theneares
22、t 0.01 g.9.3 Weigh and record the mass (S1) of the specimen supportto the nearest 0.01 g.9.4 Ignite and adjust the burner so that the inner blue coneis 25 to 35 mm high. Further adjust the burner until thetemperature at the top of the inner cone is 960 6 5C.FIG. 1 Critical Dimensions of ChimneyFIG.
23、2 Critical Dimensions of Specimen SupportFIG. 3 Test Specimen Impaled on Specimen Support (Side View)FIG. 4 Burner Position Under Specimen in Chimney (Front View)D 3014 04a2NOTE 2To obtain 960C, it will be necessary to use a propane burnerwith propane gas, or a natural-gas burner with natural gas. I
24、n order tominimize the time and frequency required for temperature calibration, it isnecessary to maintain a steady supply of gas. Thermocouples have beenfound useful to make this temperature measurement.9.5 Impale the specimen on the three pins of the specimensupport, with the top of the specimen e
25、ven with the top of thespecimen support as shown in Fig. 3. Higher-density cellularplastics may require that holes be drilled in the specimen toallow insertion of the pins. When required, the holes must bedrilled at the time of specimen preparation. (If holes are drilled,the specimen shall be weighe
26、d after drilling holes, see 9.2.)9.6 Line the chimney with aluminum foil so that it is againstthe sides and back of the chimney and flush with the bottom.Place the shiny side of the aluminum foil toward the testspecimen. A new liner shall be installed for each specimen.9.7 Place the specimen support
27、 in the chimney so that thetop of the specimen is even with the top of the chimney, asshown in Fig. 4.9.8 Put the glass front in place and ignite the specimen byplacing the inner cone of the burner flame under the center ofthe specimen for 10 s. Simultaneous with placing the flameunder the specimen,
28、 start the timer to determine the time toextinguishment (T3). Keep the burner at an angle of about 15from the vertical as shown in Fig. 4.NOTE 3Accurate positioning of the burner is facilitated by use of acradle to hold the burner at the proper angle and distance from thespecimen.9.9 Measure the max
29、imum flame height (H), during com-bustion of the specimen, to the nearest 10 mm with theflame-height scale on the front of the chimney and record theheight. If the flame rises above the top of the scale, record as250 + mm.9.10 Stop the timer when combustion of the specimenceases and record as time t
30、o extinguishment (Te) to the nearestsecond. If the time to extinguishment is less than 10 s, note thetime but continue to apply the flame for 10 s.9.11 After cooling, remove the specimen support and speci-men and weigh, without removing the specimen, to the nearest0.01 g, and record (S2).9.12 Clean
31、the specimen support and repeat 9.5-9.11 untilall specimens have been ignited.10. Symbols10.1 Symbols are identified as follow:H = maximum flame height during combustion, mm.Te= time between application of burner flame andspecimen flame extinguishment, s. Afterglow shallnot be included in this time.
32、S1= mass of the specimen support, g.M = mass of the specimen, g.S2= mass of specimen and specimen support afterignition, g.PMR = percent mass retained by entire specimen.11. Calculation11.1 Calculate the mass percent of the specimen retainedafter ignition by the equation:PMR 5 S22 S1!/M 3 100 (1)12.
33、 Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 A description of the material, including type ofplastic or trade name, date of manufacture, manufacturers lotnumber, or other identifying information,12.1.2 Average density,12.1.3 Average time to extinguishment for the six speci-mens to the nearest
34、 second,12.1.4 Number of specimens that produced flaming drips,12.1.5 Average mass percent retained for the six specimens,12.1.6 Average flame height for the six specimens to thenearest 25 mm,12.1.7 Air temperature and relative humidity during storageprior to conditioning and storage time, and12.1.8
35、 Air temperature and relative humidity during flametesting.13. Precision and Bias313.1 Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 are based on a roundrobin completed in 1988 in accordance with Practice E 691,involving seven materials tested by six laboratories. Thematerials included one phenolic (Material No. 1)
36、 and sixpolyurethanes (Material Nos. 27). Each test result was theaverage of six individual determinations. Each laboratoryobtained five test results for each material.13.1.1 Users of this test method shall apply the principlesoutlined in Practice E 691 to generate data specific to theirlaboratory a
37、nd materials, or between specific laboratories. Theprinciples in 13.2-13.2.3 would then be valid for such data.13.2 Concept of r and RIf srand sRhave been calculatedfrom a large enough body of data, and for test results that wereaverages from testing six specimens, the following applies:13.2.1 Repea
38、tability, rIn comparing two test results forthe same material, obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment on the same day, the two test results should bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value forthat material.3Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Re
39、quest RR: D20-1159.TABLE 1 Average Mass Percent RetainedMaterialMass Retained, %Average srsRrR4 18.11 3.09 5.25 8.65 14.706 24.33 2.34 2.65 6.55 7.425 74.13 2.39 3.06 6.69 8.573 74.25 2.26 2.67 6.33 7.482 75.57 1.26 3.26 3.53 9.137 75.62 1.46 2.43 4.09 6.801 95.03 1.40 2.33 3.92 6.52D 3014 04a313.2.
40、2 Reproducibility, RIn comparing two test results forthe same material, obtained by different operators using differ-ent equipment on different days, the two test results should bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the R valuefor that material.13.2.3 Any judgment in accordance with 13
41、.2.1 and 13.2.2would have an approximate 95 % probability of being correct.(WarningThe explanations of r and R given in 13.2-13.2.3are only intended to present a meaningful way of consideringthe approximate precision of this test method. The data in Table1, Table 2, and Table 3 shall not be rigorous
42、ly applied toacceptance or rejection of material, as those data are specific tothe round robin and may not be representative of other lots,conditions, materials, or laboratories.)13.3 BiasThere are no recognized standards on which tobase an estimate of bias for this test method.14. Keywords14.1 cell
43、ular plastics; flame height; flammability; mass loss;time of burning; vertical positionSUMMARY OF CHANGESThis section identifies the location of selected changes to this test method. For the convenience of the user,Committee D20 has highlighted those changes that may impact the use of this test meth
44、od. This section may alsoinclude descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, or both.D 3014 04a:(1) Revised paragraph 1.2.D 3014 04:(1) Updated the fire safety caveat and changed nonmandatorylanguage where necessary.D 3014 99:(1) Removed Footnote 6 and renumbered remaining footnotes.ASTM
45、 International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are ent
46、irely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsan
47、d should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee o
48、n Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or a
49、t 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 Average Time to ExtinguishmentMaterialTime to Extinguishment, sAverage srsRrR1 9.04 0.58 2.50 1.62 7.003 11.05 0.46 0.52 1.29 1.467 11.13 0.48 0.58 1.34 1.625 11.47 0.36 0.40 1.01 1.122 12.12 0.63 1.12 1.76 3.146 17.20 1.31 2.30 3.67 6.444 24.07 3.11 4.75 8.71 13.30TABLE 3 Average Flame HeightMaterialFlame Height, cmAverage srsRrR1 15.59 0.58 5.54 1.62 15.512 22.69 0.63 2.04 1.76 5.713 22.77 0.46 2.35 1.29 6.585 23.26 0.36 1.71 1.01 4.
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