1、Designation:D316109 Designation: D3161/D3161M 12Standard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test met
3、hod covers the procedure for evaluating the wind resistance of asphalt shingles that results from the shinglesrigidity (with or without contribution from sealant) or mechanical interlocking (with or without contribution from sealant) or anycombination thereof. The shingles are applied to a test pane
4、l in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and tested at a 2:12(17 %) slope, or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units that are provi
5、ded for information only and are not considered standard.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining va
6、lues from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
7、the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1079.4. Classes of Shingles4.1 Shingles are
8、of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h (60 mph). 60 mph.4.1.2 Class DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h (90 mph). 90 mph.4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h (110 mph). 110 mph.5. Significance and Use5.1 Most asphalt shingles that have demonstrated wind resista
9、nce by this test have also performed well in use. Natural windconditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this test to simulate.The results of this test do not directly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and no accommo
10、dation is made in this testmethod for building height, building exposure category, or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of shingles in the field; for example, temperature, time, roof slope, contaminationby dirt and debris, and fasteners that are misaligned or
11、under-driven. It is beyond the scope of this test method to address all ofthese influences. This test method is designed to evaluate the wind resistance of asphalt shingles as described in the scope whenrepresentative samples are applied to test panels in accordance with the manufacturers instructio
12、ns and conditioned as specifiedbefore testing.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on PreparedRoofings, Shingles and Siding Materials.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published Jan
13、uary 2009. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D316108c. DOI:10.1520/D3161-09.on Steep Roofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3161 09. DOI:10.
14、1520/D3161_D3161M-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard
15、 and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases on
16、ly the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal stream of air throug
17、h a rectangular opening 914 mm (36 in.) wide and 305mm (12 in.) high at a velocity not less than 97 km/h (60 mph). At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h (110 mph), it is permissibleto add a duct section to the equipment to lower the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm (6 in.). The test vel
18、ocity shallnot vary more than 65 mph as measured at a minimum of three evenly spaced locations across the orifice. The machine shall beequipped with an adjustable stand to receive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any desired slope, at anyhorizontal distance from the lower edg
19、e of the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind direction. , capable ofdelivering a horizontal stream of air through a rectangular opening 914 mm 36 in. wide and 305 mm 12 in. high at a velocitynot less than 97 km/h 60 mph. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h 110 mph, it is per
20、missible to add a duct section to theequipment to lower the height of the rectangular opening to 152 mm 6 in. The machine shall be equipped with an adjustablestand to receive a test panel and be adapted to setting the test panel at any desired slope, at any horizontal distance from the loweredge of
21、the duct opening, and at various angles incident to the wind direction.6.1.1 CalibrationAs a minimum, at the start of each test day, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the air velocityshall be calibrated. Obtain calibration measurements using a bare panel as described in 7.1, but wi
22、thout shingles or the test panelwith the candidate shingles to be tested. With the panel positioned as described in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured usingcalibrated airflow measuring devices, such as pitot tubes or airflow anemometers. Velocity measurements shall be taken at aminimum of three eve
23、nly spaced locations across the duct orifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary more than 65 mphfrom the target test velocity selected to achieve the desired class of shingle.6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room, having f
24、orced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m(50-in.)50-in. wide by 1.68-m (66-in.)66-in. long, or larger test panel on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest sloperecommended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, and of maintaining a uniform temperature of 57 to 60C(135135
25、 to 140F). 140F.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matched sheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and not less than1.27 by 1.68 m (5050 by 66 in.)in. in size. They are to be of such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with normal handling,or vibrat
26、e from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply shingles to duplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normal manner recommended by themanufacturer. Use roofing nails, properly positioned in accordance with the manufacturers instructions, to fasten each shingle. Donot
27、apply roofing cement to fasten down tabs unless required by the manufacturers installation instructions. Do not apply pressureto the shingle tabs either during or after application.7.3 Apply lock-type shingles to an additional two panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in accordance w
28、ith themanufacturers instructions.7.4 Secure the shingles at the outer edge of each test panel by exposed nailing to simulate anchoring at the rake edges of a roofdeck.7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C (8080 6 15F)15F and maintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowestslope recomm
29、ended in the product manufacturers installation instructions, during application of the shingles.8. Conditioning of Shingle Test Panels8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions, and at a temperature o
30、f 27 6 8C (8080 6 15F)15F until beginning heat conditioning.8.2 Place the test panels in the conditioning cell or room on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in theproduct manufacturers installation instructions, and maintain at a temperature of 57 to 60C (135135 to 140F)140F for
31、 acontinuous period of 16 h.8.3 After completion of the conditioning period, allow the test panels to come to room temperature 27 6 8C (8080 615F)15F while being maintained at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions.8.4 Exercise c
32、are to avoid pressure on, or damage to, shingle tabs by any twisting or distortion of the test panels in handling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the panel on the test carriage and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so that theexposed edge of the target course will b
33、e on the same level as the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of 1786 1 mm (77 6116 in.).in. The target course shall be the third course up from the bottom of the panel. The test slope shall be2:12 (17 %) or the lowest slope recommended by the manufacturer for the product being
34、tested.9.1.1 Test a minimum of two panels for each product being tested.9.1.2 Since the design of lock-type shingle makes it difficult to determine the most critical angle of wind direction, conduct thetest at a minimum of three different angles using a separate panel for each test (head-on, with th
35、e bottom of the target courseparallel to and 178 mm (7 in.)7 in. away from the machine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from the head-onD3161/D3161M 122position, with the bottom corner of the third-course tab nearest the duct being 178 mm (7 in.)7 in. away from and in the samehorizontal
36、 plane as the bottom of the machine orifice). Test another panel at the position judged to be most critical on the basisof the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient temperature at 24 6 3C (75 6 5F) during the tests.9.2.1As soon as the panel is set in position, start the fan,
37、adjust the speed to produce a velocity, as previously agreed betweenthe buyer and the seller, not less than 97 km/h (60 mph) and not greater than 177 km/h (110 mph). The test velocity shall not varymore than 65% at the orifice during the test, and shall be maintained continuously for 2 h, or until s
38、uch lesser time as a failureoccurs.9.2.2During the test, station an observer where any lifting of shingle tabs can be seen or noted. Any observable damage to a fullshingle or the disengaging of a locking ear or tab, or a shingle tab, including any failure of adhesive, with its time of occurrenceshal
39、l be recorded. The full assessment of damage, as required by Maintain the ambient temperature at 24 6 3C 75 6 5Fduring the tests.9.2.1 When the test panel is set in position, start the fan to produce the target test velocity, as established during calibration.The fan shall be operated continuously w
40、ithout adjustment for 2 h, or until such lesser time as a failure occurs.9.2.2 During the test, observations are to be made by an observer and/or by video and recorded when any lifting of shingle tabscan be seen or noted. Any observable damage to a full shingle or the disengaging of a locking ear or
41、 tab, or a shingle tab, includingany failure of adhesive, with its time of occurrence shall be recorded. The full assessment of damage, as required by 10.3, ispossible only after the cessation of the test.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during the test, stop the air flow and record
42、 the elapsed time. The observableend point for failure shall be taken asat the time of the observed failure or upon review of the video at the conclusion of the testin which any one or more full shingle tabs lift beyond upright (beyond perpendicular to the deck), or a locking ear or tab of a lockshi
43、ngle tears loose or disengages from its locking position.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different test velocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to do researchon the performance of shingles in an unsealed condition. If this is done, shingles do not h
44、ave to be conditioned as specified in 8.2 before testing, andit is not prohibited to use different criteria for failure than those presented in 9.2.3. It is also not prohibited to interpret the results obtained in researchtesting of unsealed shingles differently than as described in 10.3.10. Interpr
45、etation of Results10.1 Any sealed shingle assembly that restrains full shingle tabs from lifting shall be considered as having passed this test.10.2 Any interlocked shingle assembly that restrains full shingle tabs from tearing loose, or disengaging from their lockedposition, shall be considered as
46、having passed this test.10.3 Any unsealed shingle assembly that restrains full shingle tabs from lifting beyond upright (beyond perpendicular to thedeck) during the test, and shows no permanent damage as a result of the test (such as by creasing, tearing, cracking, or splitting),and has its leading
47、edge return to within 3 mm (18 in.)in. of its pre-test location within1hofcessation of the test, shall beconsidered as having passed this test.10.4 Any shingle assembly that fails to restrain full shingle tabs as described in 10.1, 10.2, or 10.3, shall be considered as havingfailed this test.10.5 Wh
48、en evidence of permanent damage caused by the testing (such as creasing, tearing, cracking, or splitting) is foundduring post-test examination of any shingle assembly, that assembly shall be considered as having failed this test.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following information for e
49、ach test panel:11.1.1 Name of the manufacturer of the product.11.1.2 Name of the product.11.1.3 Description of the product wind resistance design (refer to 1.1).11.1.4 Slope at which testing was conducted.11.2 The report shall include the following information for each test panel that passes:11.2.1 The test velocity maintained as established during the test,calibration, the total time of duration, and the correspondingclass.11.3 The report shall include the following information for each test pan
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