1、Designation: D3161/D3161M 15Standard Test Method forWind-Resistance of Steep Slope Roofing Products (Fan-Induced Method)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3161/D3161M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method
3、 covers the procedure for evaluatingthe wind resistance of many discontinuous, air permeable,steep slope roofing products that results from the productsrigidity, with or without contribution from sealant to help holddown the leading edge of the tabs, or mechanical interlocking,with or without contri
4、bution from sealant to help hold down theleading edge of the tabs, or any combination thereof. Theproducts are applied to a test panel in accordance with themanufacturers instructions and tested at a 2:12 (17 %) slope,or at the lowest slope permitted by those instructions.1.2 This method evaluates w
5、ind resistance using a fan-induced procedure, delivering a stream of air across theexposed surface of the test specimens. This method does notmeasure structural performance, and does not provide a mea-sure of uplift resistance. Consequently, this method is notapplicable to continuous, non-permeable
6、roof systems or cov-erings (such as membranes or mechanically-seamed metal roofpanels).1.3 This test method was formerly titled “Wind Resistanceof Asphalt Shingles (Fan-Induced Method)” but was revised toacknowledge that the method is applicable to many other steepslope roofing products and has been
7、 used to evaluate the windresistance of those products for many years by several testingand certification laboratories. Steep slope roofing products thatfall under the scope of this test method, in addition to asphaltshingles, are polymer-based shingles, fiber-cement shingles,concrete tiles, clay ti
8、les, metal shingles, and photovoltaicshingles.1.4 This test method is limited to steep slope roofingproduct applied with a maximum exposure of 410 mm 16 in.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not b
9、e exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
10、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of
11、terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D1079.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 sealas it relates to steep slope roofing products, isthe bonding that results from the use of sealant.3.2.2 sealantas it relates to steep slope roofing products, isdefined as factory-applied or field-applied material des
12、igned tohelp hold down the leading edge of the tabs.3.2.3 sealedthe condition of the products after they aresubjected to the conditioning procedure described in 8.2.3.2.4 tab, na discrete section of the exposed portion of asteep slope roofing product.3.2.4.1 DiscussionTypically, the exposed portion
13、of anasphalt shingle consists of one or more tabs. Many other steepslope roofing products consist of a single tab per unit.4. Classes of Steep Slope Roofing Products4.1 Products are of three classes:4.1.1 Class APass at a test velocity of 97 km/h 60 mph.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of
14、 ASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.02 on SteepRoofing Products and Assemblies.Current edition approved July 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3161/D3161M 14. DOI:10.15
15、20/D3161_D3161M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
16、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.2 Class DPass at a test velocity of 145 km/h 90 mph.4.1.3 Class FPass at a test velocity of 177 km/h 110mph.5. Significance and Use5.1 Most steep slope roofing products that have demon-strated wind resistance by this test ha
17、ve also performed well inuse. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity,duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond themeans of this test to simulate. The results of this test do notdirectly correlate to wind speeds experienced in service, and noaccommodation is made in this
18、 test method for building height,building exposure category, or building importance factor.5.2 Many factors influence the wind resistance of a steepslope roofing product in the field; for example, temperature,time, roof slope, contamination by dirt and debris, andfasteners, both appropriate and inap
19、propriate, that are mis-aligned or misplaced, or over- or under-driven, and sealantadhesion, if used and functioning. It is beyond the scope of thistest method to address all of these influences. This test methodis designed to evaluate the wind resistance of products asdescribed in the scope when re
20、presentative samples are appliedto test panels in accordance with the manufacturers instruc-tions and conditioned as specified before testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Test Machine, capable of delivering a horizontal streamof air through a rectangular opening 914 mm 36 in. wide and305 mm 12 in. high at a velo
21、city not less than 97 km/h 60mph. At a velocity of not less than 177 km/h 110 mph, it ispermissible to add a duct section to the equipment to lower theheight of the rectangular opening to 152 mm 6 in. Themachine shall be equipped with an adjustable stand to receivea test panel and be adapted to sett
22、ing the test panel at anydesired slope, at any horizontal distance from the lower edge ofthe duct opening, and at various angles incident to the winddirection.6.1.1 CalibrationAs a minimum, at the start of each testday, and at the start of each new desired test velocity, the airvelocity shall be cal
23、ibrated. Obtain calibration measurementsusing a bare panel as described in 7.1, or the test panel with thecandidate product to be tested. With the panel positioned asdescribed in 9.1, the velocity shall be measured using cali-brated airflow measuring devices, such as pitot tubes or airflowanemometer
24、s. Velocity measurements shall be taken at aminimum of three evenly spaced locations across the ductorifice. The average measured velocity shall not vary morethan 65 mph from the target test velocity selected to achievethe desired class of product.6.2 Timer, capable of reading to the nearest minute.
25、6.3 Mechanical Circulation Conditioning Cell or Room,having forced circulation of air capable of receiving a 1.27-m50-in. wide by 1.68-m 66-in. long, or larger test panel on aslope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in theproduct manufacturers installation instructions, and of main-tain
26、ing a uniform temperature of 57 to 60C 135 to 140F.7. Test Samples7.1 The test panels shall be of plywood, tightly matchedsheathing boards, or other suitable decking material and notless than 1.27 by 1.68 m 50 by 66 in. in size. They are to beof such rigidity that they will not twist or distort with
27、 normalhandling, or vibrate from the wind velocity during the test.7.2 Apply products with multiple tabs to duplicate panels,parallel to the short dimension of the panel, in the normalmanner recommended by the manufacturer. Use roofing nails,or other fasteners as specified by the manufacturer, posit
28、ionedin accordance with the manufacturers instructions, to fastenthe product to the test panel. Apply products with single tabs toduplicate panels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, insuch a manner that there is at least one full shingle in eachcourse. Use roofing nails, or other fastene
29、rs as specified by themanufacturer, positioned in accordance with the manufactur-ers instructions, to fasten the product to the test panel. Do notapply sealant to fasten down tabs unless required by themanufacturers installation instructions. Do not apply pressureto the product either during or afte
30、r application unless requiredby the manufacturers instructions.7.3 Apply interlocking-type product to an additional twopanels, parallel to the short dimension of the panel, inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions.7.4 Secure the exposed portion of any partial product tabwith face nailing or
31、stapling such that the partial product tabswill remain in place for entire duration of the test.7.5 Control the temperature at 27 6 8C 80 6 15F andmaintain the slope of the panel at 2:12 (17 %), or the lowestslope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions, during application
32、of the product.8. Conditioning of Product Test Panels8.1 Maintain the test panels at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or thelowest slope recommended in the product manufacturersinstallation instructions, and at a temperature of 27 6 8C 806 15F until beginning heat conditioning.8.2 For a product with sealant
33、to help hold down the leadingedge of the tabs, place the test panels in the conditioning cellor room on a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowest sloperecommended in the product manufacturers installationinstructions, and maintain the air temperature in the condition-ing cell or room at a temperature of
34、 57 to 60C 135 to 140Ffor a continuous period of 16 h.8.3 For a product that does not use sealants, place the testpanels in a conditioning cell or a room on a slope of 2:12(17 %), or the lowest slope recommended in the productmanufacturers installation instructions, and maintain at roomtemperature 2
35、7 6 8C 80 6 15F for a continuous period ofat least 16 h.8.4 After completion of the conditioning period, allow thetest panels to come to room temperature 27 6 8C 80 6 15Fwhile being maintained at a slope of 2:12 (17 %), or the lowestslope recommended in the product manufacturers installationinstruct
36、ions.D3161/D3161M 1528.5 Exercise care to avoid pressure on, or damage to, theproduct by any twisting or distortion of the test panels inhandling.9. Test Procedure9.1 Location of the Test PanelInstall the panel on the testcarriage and accurately adjust it in relation to the duct so thatthe exposed e
37、dge of the target course will be on the same levelas the lower edge of the duct orifice at a horizontal distance of178 6 1mm76116 in. The target course shall be the thirdcourse up from the bottom of the panel for products appliedwith exposure less than 230 mm 9 in., and shall be the secondcourse up
38、from the bottom of the panel for product applied withexposure of 230 mm 9 in. and greater up to the maximum of410 mm 16 in. The test slope shall be 2:12 (17 %) or thelowest slope recommended by the manufacturer for the productbeing tested. The test panel and carriage on which the testpanel is suppor
39、ted shall be braced or otherwise prevented frommovement during the test.9.1.1 Test a minimum of two panels for each product beingtested.9.1.2 Since the design of interlocking-type product makes itdifficult to determine the most critical angle of wind direction,conduct the test at a minimum of three
40、different angles using aseparate panel for each test (head-on, with the bottom of thetarget course parallel to and 178 mm 7 in. away from themachine orifice; and with the panel rotated 30 and 60 from thehead-on position, with the bottom corner of the target-coursetab nearest the duct being 178 mm 7
41、in. away from and in thesame horizontal plane as the bottom of the machine orifice).Test another panel at the position judged to be most critical onthe basis of the first three tests.9.2 Performing the TestMaintain the ambient temperatureat 24 6 3C 75 6 5F during the tests.9.2.1 When the test panel
42、is set in position, start the fan toproduce the target test velocity, as established during calibra-tion. The fan shall be operated continuously without adjust-ment for 2 h, or until such lesser time as a failure occurs.9.2.2 During the test, observations are to be made by anobserver or by video, or
43、 both, and recorded when any lifting ofproduct tabs can be seen or noted. Any observable damage tothe product or the disengaging of any interlocking feature, or aproduct tab, or the detachment of any part of the product fromthe deck, including any failure of sealant, with its time ofoccurrence shall
44、 be recorded. The full assessment of damage,as required by 10.3, is possible only after the cessation of thetest.9.2.3 In the event that observable failure occurs during thetest, stop the air flow and record the elapsed time. Theobservable end point for failure shall be taken at the time of theobser
45、ved failure or upon review of the video at the conclusionof the test in which any one or more full product tabs liftbeyond perpendicular to the deck, or any interlocking featuretears loose or disengages from its interlocked position.NOTE 1It is not prohibited to use this test method with different t
46、estvelocities and different time intervals of stop-and-go frequencies to doresearch on the performance of a steep slope roofing product in anunsealed condition. If this is done, the product does not have to beconditioned as specified in 8.2 before testing, and it is not prohibited to usedifferent cr
47、iteria for failure than those presented in 9.2.3. It is also notprohibited to interpret the results obtained in research testing of a productthat does not use sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabsdifferently than as described in 10.3.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 Any steep slope
48、 roofing product assembly that usessealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs and thatrestrains full product tabs from lifting (as defined in 9.2.3) shallbe considered as having passed this test.10.2 Any interlocked steep slope roofing product assemblythat restrains full product tabs fro
49、m tearing loose, or disengag-ing from their interlocked position, shall be considered ashaving passed this test.10.3 Any steep slope roofing product assembly that does notuse sealant to help hold down the leading edge of the tabs, norany mechanical interlocking, shall be considered as havingpassed this test when the product (1) restrains full tabs fromlifting beyond perpendicular to the deck during the test, (2)shows no permanent damage as a result of the test (such as bycreasing, tearin
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