1、Designation: D3181 10D3181 15Standard Guide forConducting Wear Tests on Textiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3181; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is designed to provide data on which a prediction can be based concerning the intended to provide guidance forthe design of an experiment
3、for the purpose of developing a prediction of expected wear performance of a wide variety of textilesin end-use apparel and textile products when exposed to actual use conditions.1.2 This guide recommends the use of a product for which a history of its performance is known from laboratory testing an
4、dconsumer use as the basis for statistical significance of new products performance, however, other design or experimentalapproaches may be used.1.3 The wide variety of textile products and the conditions under which consumers will use products prevents the inclusion ofall types of wear trial experi
5、ments for research and development, product innovation studies, and special needs such as those forhealthcare industry or military.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establ
6、ish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2.1.1 Fabric and Apparel Tests:D1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringsD2051 Test Meth
7、od for Durability of Finish of Zippers to LaunderingD2052 Test Method for Colorfastness of Zippers to DrycleaningD2057 Test Method for Colorfastness of Zippers to LaunderingD2058 Test Method for Durability of Finish of Zippers to DrycleaningD2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the To
8、ngue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-Extension TensileTesting Machine)D2594 Test Method for Stretch Properties of Knitted Fabrics Having Low PowerD3107 Test Methods for Stretch Properties of Fabrics Woven from Stretch YarnsD3511 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface C
9、hanges of Textile Fabrics: Brush Pilling TesterD3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD3884 Guide for Abra
10、sion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)D3936 Test Method for Resistance to Delaminatio
11、n of the Secondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor CoveringD3938 Guide for Determining or Confirming Care Instructions for Apparel and Other Textile ProductsD3939 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method
12、)D4231 Practice for Evaluation of Launderable Woven Dress Shirts and Sports Shirts1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.Current edition approved June 1, 2010July 1, 2015. Publi
13、shed July 2010September 2015. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 asD3181 95 (2008).D3181 10. DOI: 10.1520/D3181-10.10.1520/D3181-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
14、 Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be te
15、chnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4390 Practice for Evaluation of the Performance of Terry Bathroom Products for Household Use (Withdrawn 1994)3D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)D4970 Test Method for Pilling Res
17、istance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale TesterD5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)D4721D6321 Practice for the Evaluation of the Perfo
18、rmance of Machine Washable and Drycleanable Bedcoverings andAccessoriesMachine Washable T-ShirtsD6797 Test Method for Bursting Strength of Fabrics Constant-Rate-of-Extension (CRE) Ball Burst TestD6828 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by Blade/Slot Procedure2.1.2 Other ASTM Standards:D123 Terminol
19、ogy Relating to TextilesD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test MethodsD4852D7022 Practice for Evaluation of Attached Upholstery FabricsTerminology Relating to Apparel2.2 AATCC Standards:5 Evaluation Procedure: Subjective Evaluation of Fabric Hand442.2.1 Colorfastness and Physical Prop
20、erties:8 Colorfastness to Crocking: AATCC Crockmeter Method15 Colorfastness to Perspiration16 Colorfastness to Light61 Colorfastness to Laundering: Accelerated88B AppearanceSmoothness of Seams in Wash-and-Wear Items Fabrics After Repeated Home Laundering88C Appearance of Creases in Wash-and-Wear Ite
21、ms After Home Laundering96 Dimensional Changes in Commercial Laundering of Woven and Knitted Textiles (ExcludingFabrics Except Wool)119116 Color Change Due to Flat Abrasion (Frosting): Screen Wire Colorfastness to Crocking: Rotary Vertical CrockmeterMethod120117 Color Change Due to Flat Abrasion (Fr
22、osting): Emery MethodColorfastness to Heat: Dry (Excluding Pressing)121 Carpet Soiling: Visual Rating Method4122 Carpet Soiling: Service Soiling Method4123 Carpet Soiling: Accelerated Soiling Method4124 Appearance of Fabrics After Repeated Home LaunderingsLaundering125 Colorfastness to Perspiration
23、and Light128 Wrinkle Recovery of Fabrics: Appearance Method130 Soil Release: Oily Stain Release Method135 Dimensional Changes of Fabric after Home Laundering143 Appearance of Apparel and Other Textile End Products after Repeated Home Laundering150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic of Garments after H
24、ome Laundering of Woven Garments179 Skewness Change in Fabric Resulting from Home Laundering183 Transmittance or Blocking of Erythemally Weighted Ultraviolet Radiation through Fabrics158186 Dimensional Changes on Drycleaning in Perchloroethylene: Machine MethodWeather Resistance: UV Light andMoistur
25、e Exposure163192 Color Fastness: Dye Transfer in Storage: Fabric-to-FabricWeather Resistance of Textiles: Sunshine-Arc Lamp ExposureWith and Without Wetting202 Relative Hand Value of Textiles: Instrumental Method2.2.2 Vapor, Water and Moisture Management Tests:22 Water Repellency: Spray Test35 Water
26、 Resistance: Rain Test42 Water Resistance: Impact Penetration70 Water Repellency: Tumble Jar Dynamic Absorption Test79 Absorbency of Textiles127 Water Resistance: Hydrostatic Pressure Test193 Aqueous Liquid Repellency: Water/Alcohol Solution Resistance Test195 Liquid Moisture Management Properties o
27、f Textiles Fabrics197 Vertical Wicking of Textiles198 Horizontal Wicking Textiles3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Annual AATCC Technical Manual, available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Tria
28、ngle Park,NC 27709.NC 27709, www.aatcc.org.D3181 152199 Drying Time of Textiles: Moisture Analyzer Method200 Drying Rate of Textiles at their Absorbant Capacity: Air Flow Method201 Drying Rate of Fabrics: Heated Hot Plate Method2.2.3 Evaluation Procedures:EP1 Gray Scale for Color ChangeEP2 Gray Scal
29、e for StainingEP5 Fabric Hand: Guidelines for Subjective EvaluationEP6 Instrumental Color MeasurementEP7 Instrumental Assessment of the Change in Color of a Test SpecimenEP8 AATCC 9Step Chromatic Transference ScaleEP9 Visual Assessment of Color Difference of TextilesEP12 Instrumental Assessment of D
30、egree of Staining2.2.4 AATCC Monographs:M5 Standardization of Hand Laundering for Fabrics and TextilesM6 Standardization of Home Laundering Test Conditions2.3 Other Documents:Knit Upholstery Fabric Standards and Guidelines5Woven Upholstery Fabric Standards and Guidelines63. Terminology3.1 For all te
31、rms relating to D13.60 Fabric Test Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850; for terms related to D13.61Apparel, refer to Terminology D7022.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: control textile,end-use,evaluation period, grade,participant,performance property,rating, wear lev
32、el,wear-refurbishing cycle,wear-service condition,wear test.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Terminology D123.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Textiles are subjected to actual wear under service conditions. This practice recommends a control textile having a knownwear performance history
33、 to be included with other items being tested. Statistical methods for design of test and analysis of dataare included that are applicable to all wear tests. Standard procedures for evaluation of textiles are provided.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide may be used to evaluate textiles used in app
34、arel, upholstered furniture, apparel. Earlier publications containedinformation for use in trials for upholstered furniture products, floor coverings, window treatments, and bed, bath, and table linens.That information is now located in Appendix X1.5.2 This guide may be used for several purposes:5.2
35、.1 To determine the comparative performance of new or existing products,5.2.2 To determine the suitability of current products in different end-uses, and5.2.3 To evaluate and compare the effect of wear of construction details as well as specific fabrics, fibers, dyeings, finishing,fabrication techni
36、ques, etc.5.3 This guide provides for flexibility in design and evaluation since the information sought from each wear test will vary (seeAppendix X1).5.4 This guide may be used to compare the wear performance of two or more textiles when these are included in the same test,or to compare a textile w
37、hose properties have not been evaluated with one having a known performance history.5.5 The standard test methods and guides listed in 2.1 and 2.2 are not to be considered as limited to only those cited. It isrecognized that textile innovations of chemistries on fibers and fabrics may require the us
38、e of other standards methods ormodifications to existing standards. Further, product development efforts within companies may call for the use of internalprocedures when investigation of worthiness of the innovation or prediction of consumer preference or satisfaction is questioned.6. Apparatus and
39、Facilities6.1 Viewing Board,Laboratory Equipment, with standard lighting, as specified in AATCC 124. to perform designed tests.6.2 Smoothness Appearance Replicas, as specified in AATCC 124.6.3 Gray Scale for Color Change, as specified in AATCC Evaluation Procedure 1.76.4 Soil Release Replicas, as sp
40、ecified in AATCC 130-1981.6.5 Pilling Standards, as specified in Test Method D3512.D3181 1536.6 Seam Puckering Standards, as specified in AATCC 88B-1984.6.7 Crease Retention Standards, as specified in AATCC 88C.6.2 Photographic Standards for Evaluating Shirt Components (collar, pocket, placket), Fac
41、ilities for Conditioning Textiles. asspecified in Practice D4231.6.2.1 Environmental Chambers, if required.6.2.2 Facilitiesfor participants to be interviewed, fill out worksheets, change clothes, etc.6.3 Work Sheets, to record data (see Fig. 1).7. Sampling, Selection, and Number of Specimens7.1 Divi
42、sion into LotsFor acceptance testing, divide the product into lots as agreed upon between the purchaser and thesupplier.7.2 Lot SampleAs a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of shipping cartons directed in an applicablematerial specification or other agreement between the p
43、urchaser and the supplier.NOTE 1A realistic specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenshipping cartons, between items within a carton, and between specimens within an item so as to provide a sampling plan which has a m
44、eaningfulproducers risk, meaningful consumers risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.7.3 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for acceptance testing, take at least two items from each shipping carton in thelot sample.7.4 Test SpecimensTake test specimens from each item in the
45、laboratory sample as directed in the individual test methods oras agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. Perform each test on the product as it will reach the consumer.7.5 For some wear trials where two elements of a textile are being evaluated for specific benefits, a laboratory specim
46、en mightrequire a test garment to be made with one full side from fabric with one application (fiber content, or other element underconsideration) and the other full side having the untreated (fiber content or other element) to be compared by a study participant.8. Procedure8.1 Decide on the type an
47、d design of the textile to be tested.8.1 Define the objectives of the test clearly.test.Wear Test Identification Number _Wear Level _Fabric Identification _PARTICIPANTS1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 etc.Evaluation DateTimes WornHours WornTimes RefurbishedAbrasionBaggingColor ChangeCrease RetentionDimensional
48、StabilityFabric SmoothnessHoles% Length Change% Width ChangePillingSeam PuckeringSnaggingWashdown (Hand)Wear WrinklingEtc.FIG. 1 Example of a Wear Test Work SheetD3181 1548.2 List the information to be obtained from the test.8.3 Determine the type and design of the textile product(s) to be tested.8.
49、4 Select the performance properties that must to be evaluated to obtain the necessary information. See Table 1.8.4.1 The physical properties listed in Table 1 are not to be considered exhaustive but rather as illustrative. Standard testmethods are sometimes modified to address new textile innovations. Also, research and product development activities withincompanies necessitate the creation of new evaluations or procedures, and while not approved by standards developingorganizations, are useful in select c
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