1、Designation: D3213 131Standard Practices forHandling, Storing, and Preparing Soft Intact Marine Soil1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.1. Scope*1.1 These practices cover methods for project/cruisereporting,
3、 and handling, transporting and storing soft cohesiveintact marine soil. Procedures for preparing soil specimens fortriaxial strength, and consolidation testing are also presented.1.2 These practices may include the handling and transport-ing of sediment specimens contaminated with hazardous ma-teri
4、als and samples subject to quarantine regulations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 These practices offer a set of instructions for performingone or more
5、 specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not all aspects of these practicesmay be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard isnot intended to represent or replace the standard of care bywhich the
6、adequacy of a given professional service must bejudged, nor should this document be applied without consid-eration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Stan-dard” in the title means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport
7、to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements
8、are given in Sections 1, 2and 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade O
9、rganization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-Grained Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidati
10、onProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained TriaxialCompression Test on Cohesive SoilsD3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or In
11、spection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Saturated Cohesive Soils Using Controlled-Strain LoadingD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil Samp
12、les3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms used in thesepractices shall be in accordance with Terminology D653.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Procedures are presented for handling, transporting,storing, and preparing very soft and soft, fine-grained marinesediment specimens that minimize di
13、sturbance to the test1These practices are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved
14、in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3213 08. DOI:10.1520/D3213-13E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles
16、 on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1specimen from the time it is initially sampled at sea to the timeit is placed in
17、 a testing device in the laboratory.5. Significance and Use5.1 Disturbance imparted to sediments after sampling cansignificantly affect some geotechnical properties. Careful prac-tices need to be followed to minimize soil fabric changescaused from handling, storing, and preparing sediment speci-mens
18、 for testing.NOTE 1The quality of the result produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective te
19、sting/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on may factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.5.2 The practices presented in this document s
20、hould be usedwith soil that has a very soft or soft shear strength (undrainedshear strength less than 25 kPa (3.6 psi) consistency.NOTE 2Some soils that are obtained at or just below the seafloorquickly deform under their own weight if left unsupported. This type ofbehavior presents special problems
21、 for some types of testing. Specialhandling and preparation procedures are required under those circum-stances. Test are sometimes performed at sea to minimize the effect ofstorage time and handling on soil properties. An undrained shear strengthof less than 25 kPa was selected based on Terzaghi and
22、 Peck.3Theydefined a very soft saturated clay as having undrained shear strength lessthan 25 kPa.5.3 These practices shall apply to specimens of naturallyformed marine soil (that may or may not be fragile or highlysensitive) that will be used for density determination,consolidation, permeability tes
23、ting or shear strength testingwith or without stress-strain properties and volume changemeasurements (see Note 3). In addition, dynamic and cyclictesting can also be performed on the sample.NOTE 3To help evaluate disturbance, X-Ray Radiography has provenhelpful, refer to Practice D4452.5.4 These pra
24、ctices apply to fine-grained soils that do notallow the rapid drainage of pore water. Although many of theprocedures can apply to coarser-grained soils, drainage mayoccur rapidly enough to warrant special handling proceduresnot covered in these practices.5.5 These practices apply primarily to soil s
25、pecimens thatare obtained in thin-walled or similar coring devices thatproduce high-quality cores or that are obtained by pushing athin-walled tube into cores taken with another sampling device.5.6 These practices can be used in conjunction with soilscontaining gas, however, more specialized procedu
26、res andequipment that are not covered in these practices have beendeveloped for use with such materials.NOTE 4For information on handling gas charged sediments, thereader is referred to papers by Johns, et al.,4and Lee.56. Apparatus6.1 Coring Device, capable of obtaining high-quality soilspecimens,
27、including related shipboard equipment such ascable and winch. Typical coring devices used in industry arethe wireline push or piston samplers.NOTE 5Some sampling devices, for example, box corers, obtainsamples of a size or shape that are difficult to preserve. Such cores can besubsampled aboard ship
28、 by pushing a thin-walled sampler into the largersize core. This method can produce samples from soils obtained near theseafloor. The subsamples can then be handled and stored according tothese practices.6.1.1 Metal or Plastic Liners or Barrels (Pipe or Thin-Walled Tubes), the soil will be obtained
29、or stored within, orboth. Short sections of the liner, sharpened on one end, mayalso be used to subsample larger sized cores (see Note 5). It isimportant to note that liners constructed of cellulose acetatebutyrate (CAB) plastic are pervious to water. Polycarbonate isnearly impervious and polyvinyl
30、chloride (PVC) is imperviousto water migration.6.2 Equipment Required on Board Ship to Seal and StoreSoil Samples:6.2.1 Identification MaterialThis includes the necessarywriting pens, tags, and labels to properly identify thesample(s).6.2.2 Caps, either plastic, rubber, or metal, to be placed overth
31、e end of thin-walled tubes, liners and rings, and sealed withtape or wax, or both.6.2.3 Packers, or add wax to top and bottom of core to sealthe ends of samples within thin-walled tubes.NOTE 6Plastic expandable packers are preferred. Metal expandablepackers seal equally well; however, long-term stor
32、age using metalexpandable packers may cause corrosion problems.6.2.4 Filler Material, used to occupy the voids at the topand bottom of the sediment container. The material must beslightly smaller than the inside dimensions of the container andmust be a light-weight, nonabsorbing, nearly incompressib
33、lesubstance. For example, wooden disks of various thicknessesthat have been coated with a waterproofing material can beused.6.2.5 Tape, either waterproof electrical or duct tape.6.2.6 Cheesecloth or Aluminum Foil, to be used in conjunc-tion with wax for block sample.6.2.7 Sealing Wax, non-shrinking,
34、 non-cracking wax, in-cludes microcrystalline wax, beeswax, ceresine, carnaubawax,or combination thereof.NOTE 7The wax must be able to adhere to the container and be ductileenough not to chip or flake off during handling at cold temperatures.Microcrystalline wax alone or in combination with other wa
35、xes has beenshown to be satisfactory in sealing the ends of cores stored at lowtemperatures.6.2.8 Plastic Wrap, used to prevent the wax from adheringto other objects and providing additional protection against soilmoisture loss.6.2.9 Core Storage Boxes.3Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B., Soil Mechanics i
36、n Engineering Practice, 2nd ed.,Wiley, 1967, p. 729.4Johns, M. W., Taylor, E., and Bryant, W. R., “Geotechnical Sampling andTesting of Gas-Charged Marine Sediments at In Situ Pressures,” Geo-MarineLetters, Vol 2, 1982, pp. 231236.5Lee, H. J., “State of the Art: Laboratory Determination of the Streng
37、th ofMarine Soils,” Strength Testing of Marine Sediments, ASTM STP 883, ASTM,1985, pp. 181250.D3213 13126.2.10 Rope, Cord, or Chains, used to immobilizecontainers, boxes, or other core storage fixtures aboard ship.6.2.11 Shipboard Refrigeration Equipment, whengeochemical, or gas charged sediments ar
38、e present or otherspecial use. Refrigeration may not be needed under somecircumstances, such as coring in shallow water in the tropics.6.3 Equipment for Transporting Cores, used from the shipto a shore-based laboratory facility.6.3.1 PackingMaterial to protect against vibration andshock, includes fo
39、am rubber.6.3.2 Insulation, if refrigeration is not used, either granule(bead) sheet, or foam type, to resist temperature change of soilor to prevent freezing.6.3.3 Shipping Containers, either box or cylindrical typeand of proper construction to protect against vibration, shock,and the elements. Ref
40、er to Practices D4220.NOTE 8The length, girth, and weight restrictions for commercialtransportation must be considered.6.4 Equipment for Storing Cores, used at the shore-basedlaboratory facility.6.4.1 Refrigeration Unit, capable of maintaining a tempera-ture close to the in situ condition, see 6.2.1
41、1.6.4.2 Core Storage Boxes or Racks, capable of supportingall cores in the vertical orientation in which they wereobtained.NOTE 9An environment that is close to 100 % relative humidity maybe required to minimize sediment water loss during storage of samplesobtained within cellulose acetate butyrate
42、(CAB) liners unless they aretotally coated with impervious wax and plastic wrap. Other liner materials,such as polycarbonate or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) may be more suitablefor sample storage because of their low water transmissibility.6.5 Equipment for Preparing Specimens, used for laboratorytestin
43、g.6.5.1 Thin-Walled Rings, made of stainless steel or othernoncorrosive metal or material, used to obtain samples forconsolidation or permeability testing.NOTE 10The sampling ring may also be used as the test confiningring. For size and deformation requirements of consolidation test ringsrefer to Te
44、st Methods D2435 and D4186. Because of the small height todiameter ratio of consolidation samples and due to the nature ofconsolidation testing, the inside clearance ratio as specified by PracticeD1587 can be reduced from 1 % to zero. The ring area ratio, Ar, equal to(Do2Di2)/Di2 100 (terms are defi
45、ned in Practice D1587) should beless than 13 % to minimize subsampling disturbance.66.5.2 Thin-Walled Piston Subsampler, used to obtain triaxialtest specimens from soil that quickly deforms under its ownweight if left unsupported (see Fig. 1).NOTE 11To minimize soil disturbance, the sampler wall thi
46、cknessshould be the thinnest possible that will adequately obtain a test specimen.The area ratio (see Note 10) should be less than 10 % and the insideclearance ratio (refer to Practice D1587) should be zero.7. Hazards7.1 Preserving and transporting soil samples may involvepersonnel contact with haza
47、rdous materials, operations, andequipment. It is the responsibility of whoever uses thesepractices to consult and establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and to determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations and requirements prior to use.7.2 Special instructions, descriptions, and mar
48、king of con-tainers must accompany and be affixed to any sample containerthat may include radioactive material, toxic chemicals, or otherhazardous materials.7.3 Interstate transportation, containment, storage, and dis-posal of soil samples obtained from certain areas within theUnited States and the
49、transportation of foreign soils into orthrough the United States are subject to regulations establishedby the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and PlantHealth Service, Plant Protection, and Quarantine Programs,and possibly to regulations of other federal, state, or localagencies.8. Procedure8.1 Shipboard Handling of Soil Cores not Requiring Sub-sampling:8.1.1 Carefully bring soil sampling or coring device aboardship, avoid contact with either the side of the ship or moonpole, or dropping the device onto the deck during this process.For drop corers, h
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