1、Designation: D3241 14b1An American National StandardDesignation 323/99Standard Test Method forThermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3241; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTERes
3、earch report information in Annex A2 and Annex A3 was corrected editorially in March 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating thetendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decompositionproducts within the fuel system.1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined
4、only in terms of this test method.1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be re-garded as the referee value.1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. The psi comparison is included for operationalsafety with certain older instruments that cannot report pres
5、-sure in SI units.1.5 No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tom
6、aterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPAswebsitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor addi-tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercuryand/or mercury cont
7、aining products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the ap
8、plica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 11.1.1, andAnnex A5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace
9、ContaminationE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3274 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface Texture: Profile MethodNominal Characteris
10、-tics Of Contact (Stylus) InstrumentsISO 4288 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface Texture: Profile MethodRules And ProceduresFor The Assessment Of Surface Texture2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:4Color Standard for Tube Deposit Rating3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.
11、1 deposits, noxidative products laid down on the testarea of the heater tube or caught in the test filter, or both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionFuel deposits will tend to predominateat the hottest portion of the heater tube, which is between the30-mm and 50-mm position.1This test method is under the jurisdicti
12、on of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2014
13、 as D3241 14a. DOI:10.1520/D3241-14BE01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Inter
14、national Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3241. Original adjunct produced in 1986.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this st
15、andardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 heater tube, nan aluminum coupon controlled atelevated temperature, over which the test fuel is pumped.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe tube is resistively heated and con-trolled in tem
16、perature by a thermocouple positioned inside.The critical test area is the thinner portion, 60 mm in length,between the shoulders of the tube. Fuel inlet to the tube is at the0-mm position, and fuel exit is at 60 mm.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Pdifferential pressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This tes
17、t method for measuring the high temperaturestability of gas turbine fuels uses an instrument that subjectsthe test fuel to conditions that can be related to those occurringin gas turbine engine fuel systems. The fuel is pumped at afixed volumetric flow rate through a heater, after which itenters a p
18、recision stainless steel filter where fuel degradationproducts may become trapped.4.1.1 The apparatus uses 450 mL of test fuel ideally duringa 2.5-h test. The essential data derived are the amount ofdeposits on an aluminum heater tube, and the rate of pluggingof a 17 m nominal porosity precision fil
19、ter located justdownstream of the heater tube.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performanceduring gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the levelof deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surfacethat is at a specified temperature.6. Apparatus6
20、.1 Aviation Fuel Thermal Oxidation Stability Tester5Eight models of suitable equipment may be used as indicatedin Table 1.6.1.1 Portions of this test may be automated. Refer to theappropriate user manual for the instrument model to be usedfor a description of detailed procedure. A manual is provided
21、with each test rig. (WarningNo attempt should be made tooperate the instrument without first becoming acquainted withall components and the function of each.)6.1.2 Certain operational parameters used with the instru-ment are critically important to achieve consistent and correctresults. These are li
22、sted in Table 2.6.2 Heater Tube Deposit Rating Apparatus:6.2.1 Visual Tube Rater (VTR), the tuberator described inAnnex A1.6.2.2 Interferometric Tube Rater (ITR)the tuberator de-scribed in Annex A2.6.2.3 Ellipsometric Tube Rater (ETR)the tuberator de-scribed in Annex A3.6.3 Because jet fuel thermal
23、oxidation stability is definedonly in terms of this test method, which depends upon, and isinseparable from, the specific equipment used, the test methodshall be conducted with the equipment used to develop the testmethod or equivalent equipment.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Use distilled (preferred)
24、 or deionized water in the spentsample reservoir as required for Model 230 and 240 instru-ments.7.2 Use methyl pentane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, orn-heptane (technical grade, 95 mol % minimum purity) asgeneral cleaning solvent. This solvent will effectively cleaninternal metal surfaces of apparatus b
25、efore a test, especiallythose surfaces (before the test section) that contact freshsample. (Warning Extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled(see Annex A5).)7.2.1 Use trisolvent (equal mix of acetone (1), toluene (2),and isopropanol (3) as a specific solvent to clean internal(working) surface of test
26、section only. (Warning(1) Ex-tremely flammable, vapors may cause flash fire; (2) and (3)Flammable. Vapors of all three harmful. Irritating to skin, eyes,and mucous membranes.)7.3 Use dry calcium sulfate + cobalt chloride granules (97 +3 mix) or other self-indicating drying agent in the aerationdryer
27、. This granular material changes gradually from blue topink color indicating absorption of water. (WarningDo notinhale dust or ingest. May cause stomach disorder.)8. Standard Operating Conditions8.1 Standard conditions of the test method are as follows:5The following equipment, as described in Table
28、 1 and RR:D02-1309, was usedto develop this test method. The following equipment, as described in Table 1 anddetermined as equivalent in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1631, is provided by PAC,8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064. The following equipment, as describedin Table 1 and determined as e
29、quivalent in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1728, isprovided by Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585.This is not an endorsement or certification by ASTM International.TABLE 1 Instrument ModelsInstrument Model Pressurize With Principle Differential Pressure by202Anitrogen g
30、ear Hg Manometer; No Record203Anitrogen gear Manometer + Graphical Record215Anitrogen gear Transducer + Printed Record230Ahydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout240Ahydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout230 Mk IIIBhydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutF400Chydraulic dual piston (HP
31、LC Type) Transducer + Printout230 Mk IVDhydraulic single piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutASee RR:D02-1309.BSee RR:D02-1631.CSee RR:D02-1728.DSee RR:D02-1757.D3241 14b128.1.1 Fuel Quantity, 450-mL minimum for test + about 50mL for system.8.1.2 Fuel Pre-TreatmentFiltration through a single lay
32、erof general purpose, retentive, qualitative filter paper followedby a 6-min aeration at 1.5 L/min air flow rate for a maximumof 1000 mL sample using a coarse 12-mm borosilicate glassgas dispersion tube.8.1.3 Fuel System Pressure, 3.45 MPa (500 psi) 610 %gauge.8.1.4 Thermocouple Position, at 39 mm.8
33、.1.5 Fuel System Prefilter Element, filter paper of 0.45-mpore size.8.1.6 Heater Tube Control Temperature, preset as specifiedin applicable specification.8.1.7 Fuel Flow Rate, 3.0 mL/min 6 10 %.8.1.8 Minimum Fuel Pumped During Test, 405 mL.8.1.9 Test Duration, 150 6 2 min.8.1.10 Cooling Fluid Flow,
34、approximately 39 L/h, or centerof green range on cooling fluid meter.TABLE 2 Critical Operating Characteristics of D3241 InstrumentsItem DefinitionTest apparatus Tube-in-shell heat exchanger as illustrated in Fig. 1.Test coupons:Heater tubeA, B, CSpecially fabricated aluminum tube that produces cont
35、rolledheated test surface; new one for each test. An electronic recordingdevice, such as a radio-frequency identification device (RFID),may be embedded into the heater tube rivet located at the bottomof the heater tube.Tube identification Each heater tube may be physically identified with a unique s
36、erialnumber, identifying the manufacturer and providing traceability tothe original material batch. This data may be stored on an elec-tronic recording device, such as a RFID, embedded into the heatertube.Tube metallurgy 6061-T6 Aluminum, plus the following criteriaa) The Mg:Si ratio shall not excee
37、d 1.9:1b) The Mg2Si percentage shall not exceed1.85 %Tube dimensions: Dimension ToleranceTube length, mm 161.925 0.254Center section length, mm 60.325 0.051Outside diameters, mmShoulders 4.724 0.025Center section 3.175 0.051Inside diameter, mm 1.651 0.051Total indicator runout, mm, max 0.013Mechanic
38、al surface finish, nm, in accordance with ISO 3274and ISO 4288 using the mean of four 1.25measurements5020Test filter5nominal 17-m stainless steel mesh filter element to trap deposits;new one for each testInstrument parameters:Sample volume 600 mL of sample is aerated, then this aerated fuel is used
39、 to fillthe reservoir leaving space for the piston; 450 45 mL may bepumped in a valid testAeration rate 1.5 L/min dry air through spargerFlow during test 3.0 10 % mL/min (2.7 min to 3.3 max)Pump mechanism positive displacement, gear or piston syringeCooling bus bars fluid cooled to maintain consiste
40、nt tube temperature pro-fileThermocouple (TC) Type J, fiber braid or Iconel sheathed, or Type K, Iconel sheathedOperating pressure:System 3.45 MPa 10 % on sample by pressurized inert gas (nitrogen) orby hydraulically transmitted force against control valve outlet re-strictionAt test filter different
41、ial pressure (P) measured across test filter (by mercurymanometer or by electronic transducer) in mm HgOperating temperature:For test as stated in specification for fuelUniformity of run maximum deviation of 2C from specified temperatureCalibration pure tin at 232C (and for Models 230 and 240 only,
42、pure lead at327C for high point and ice + water for low point reference)AThe following equipment, heater tubes, manufactured by PAC, 8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064, was used in the development of this test method. This is notan endorsement or certification by ASTM International.BAtest proto
43、col to establish equivalence of heater tubes is on file atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1550.CThe following equipment, heater tube and filter kits, manufactured by Falex Corporation, 1020Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585, was run thro
44、ugh the test protocolin RR:D02-1550 and determined as equivalent to the equipment used to develop the test method. This test is detailed in RR:D02-1714. This is not an endorsement orcertification by ASTM International.D3241 14b138.1.11 Power Setting, approximately 75 to 100 on non-computer models; i
45、nternally set for computer models.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Cleaning and Assembly of Heater Test Section:9.1.1 Clean the inside surface of the heater test section usinga nylon brush saturated with trisolvent material to remove alldeposits.9.1.2 Check the heater tube to be used in the test for s
46、urfacedefects and straightness by referring to the procedure inAnnexA1.10. Be careful, also, to avoid scratching tube shoulderduring the examination, since the tube shoulder must besmooth to ensure a seal under the flow conditions of the test.9.1.3 Assemble the heater section using new items: (1)vis
47、ually checked heater tube, (2) test filter, and (3) threeO-rings. Inspect insulators to be sure they are undamaged.NOTE 1Heater tubes must not be reused. Tests indicate that magne-sium migrates to the heater tube surface under normal test conditions.Surface magnesium may reduce adhesion of deposits
48、to reused heatertube.9.1.4 During assembly of heater section, handle tube care-fully so as not to touch center part of tube. IF CENTER OFHEATER TUBE IS TOUCHED, REJECT THE TUBE SINCETHE CONTAMINATED SURFACE MAY AFFECT THEDEPOSIT-FORMING CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TUBE.9.2 Cleaning and Assembly of Remain
49、der of Test Compo-nents:9.2.1 Perform the following steps in the order shown priorto running a subsequent test.NOTE 2It is assumed that the apparatus has been disassembled fromprevious test (see Annex A4 or appropriate user manual for assembly/disassembly details).9.2.2 Inspect and clean components that contact test sampleand replace any seals that are faulty or suspect especially the(1) lip seal on piston, and (2) O-rings on the reservoir cover,lines, and prefilter cover.9.2.3 Install prepared heater section (as described in 9.
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