1、Designation: D3241 17aD3241 18 An American National StandardDesignation 323/16Standard Test Method forThermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3241; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3、1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products withinthe fuel system.1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be
4、regarded as the referee value.1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safetywith certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 War
5、ningMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause centralnervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Cautionshould be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing product
6、s. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS) for details and EPAs websitehttp:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htmfor additional information. Users should be awarethat selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.7 This standard d
7、oes not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warnin
8、g statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.2.1, 7.3, 11.1.1, and Annex A6.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations
9、 issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationE177 Practice for Use of the Terms P
10、recision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3274 Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface texture: Profile methodNominal characteristics of contact(stylus) instrumentsISO 4288 Geo
11、metrical Product Specifications (GPS)Surface texture: Profile methodRules and procedures for theassessment of surface texture2.3 ASTM Adjuncts:4Color Standard for Tube Deposit Rating1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
12、and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017Feb. 15, 2018. Published November 2017March 2018. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asD3241 17.D3241 17a. DOI: 10.1520/D3241-17A.10.15
13、20/D3241-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for S
14、tandardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD3241. Original adjunct produced in 1986.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of a
15、n ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publi
16、shed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3
17、.1.1 deposits, noxidative products laid down on the test area of the heater tube or caught in the test filter, or both.3.1.1.1 DiscussionFuel deposits will tend to predominate at the hottest portion of the heater tube, which is between the 30 mm and 50 mm position.3.1.2 heater tube, nan aluminum cou
18、pon controlled at elevated temperature, over which the test fuel is pumped.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe tube is resistively heated and controlled in temperature by a thermocouple positioned inside. The critical test area is the thinnerportion, 60 mm in length, between the shoulders of the tube. Fuel inlet
19、to the tube is at the 0 mm position, and fuel exit is at 60 mm.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Pdifferential pressure.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method for measuring the high temperature stability of gas turbine fuels uses an instrument that subjects the testfuel to conditions that can be relate
20、d to those occurring in gas turbine engine fuel systems. The fuel is pumped at a fixed volumetricflow rate through a heater, after which it enters a precision stainless steel filter where fuel degradation products may becometrapped.4.1.1 The apparatus uses 450 mL of test fuel ideally during a 2.5 h
21、test. The essential data derived are the amount of depositson an aluminum heater tube, and the rate of plugging of a 17 m nominal porosity precision filter located just downstream of theheater tube.5. Significance and Use5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine oper
22、ation and can be used to assess the level of depositsthat form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.6. Apparatus6.1 Aviation Fuel Thermal Oxidation Stability Tester5Eight models of suitable equipment may be used as indicated in Table1.6.1.1 Portions of this t
23、est may be automated. Refer to the appropriate user manual for the instrument model to be used for adescription of detailed procedure. A manual is provided with each test rig. (WarningNo attempt should be made to operate theinstrument without first becoming acquainted with all components and the fun
24、ction of each.)6.1.2 Certain operational parameters used with the instrument are critically important to achieve consistent and correct results.These are listed in Table 2.6.2 Heater Tube Deposit Rating Apparatus:5 The following equipment, as described in Table 1 and RR:D02-1309, was used to develop
25、 this test method. The following equipment, as described in Table 1 anddetermined as equivalent in testing as detailed in RR:D02-1631, is provided by PAC, 8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064. The following equipment, as described inTable 1 and determined as equivalent in testing as detailed in R
26、R:D02-1728, is provided by Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585. This is notan endorsement or certification by ASTM International.TABLE 1 Instrument ModelsInstrument Model Pressurize With Principle Differential Pressure by202A nitrogen gear Hg Manometer; No Record203A nit
27、rogen gear Manometer + Graphical Record215A nitrogen gear Transducer + Printed Record230A hydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout240A hydraulic syringe Transducer + Printout230 Mk IIIB hydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutF400C hydraulic dual piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + Printou
28、t230 Mk IVD hydraulic single piston (HPLC Type) Transducer + PrintoutA See RR:D02-1309.B See RR:D02-1631.C See RR:D02-1728.D See RR:D02-1757.D3241 1826.2.1 Visual Tube Rater (VTR), the tuberator described in Annex A1.6.2.2 Standardization of Metrology Requirements:6.2.2.1 Number of Measured Points12
29、00 in the ratable area of the tube (between 5 mm and 55 mm above the bottom shoulderof the heater tube).TABLE 2 Critical Operating Characteristics of D3241 InstrumentsItem DefinitionTest apparatus Tube-in-shell heat exchanger as illustrated in Fig. 1.Test coupons:Heater tube A, B, C, D Specially fab
30、ricated aluminum tube that produces controlledheated test surface; new one for each test. An electronic recordingdevice, such as a radio-frequency identification device (RFID),may be embedded into the heater tube rivet located at the bottomof the heater tube.Tube identification Each heater tube may
31、be physically identified with a unique serialnumber, identifying the manufacturer and providing traceability tothe original material batch. This data may be stored on an elec-tronic recording device, such as a RFID, embedded into the heatertube.Tube metallurgy 6061-T6 Aluminum, plus the following cr
32、iteriaa) The Mg:Si ratio shall not exceed 1.9:1b) The Mg2Si percentage shall not exceed1.85 %Tube surface polish over circumference of center section Rotational cut buffing technique with polishing compound toachieve mechanical surface finish.Tube dimensions: Dimension ToleranceTube length, mm 161.9
33、25 0.254Center section length, mm 60.325 0.051Outside diameters, mmShoulders 4.724 0.025Center section 3.175 0.051Inside diameter, mm 1.651 0.051Total indicator runout, mm, max 0.013Mechanical surface finish, nm, in accordance with ISO 3274and ISO 4288 using the mean of four 1.25measurements50 20Mec
34、hanical surface finish, nm, over circumference in centersection in accordance with ISO 3274 and ISO 4288 using themean of four 1.25measurements50 20Test filter 5 nominal 17 m stainless steel mesh filter element to trap deposits;new one for each testInstrument parameters:Sample volume 600 mL of sampl
35、e is aerated, then this aerated fuel is used to fillthe reservoir leaving space for the piston; 450 mL 45 mL may bepumped in a valid testAeration rate 1.5 L min dry air through spargerFlow during test 3.0 % 10 % mL/min (2.7 min to 3.3 max)Pump mechanism positive displacement, gear or piston syringeC
36、ooling bus bars fluid cooled to maintain consistent tube temperature pro-fileThermocouple (TC) Type J, fiber braid or Iconel sheathed, or Type K, Iconel sheathedOperating pressure:System 3.45 MPa 10 % on sample by pressurized inert gas (nitrogen) orby hydraulically transmitted force against control
37、valve outlet re-strictionAt test filter differential pressure (P) measured across test filter (by mercurymanometer or by electronic transducer) in mm HgOperating temperature:For test as stated in specification for fuelUniformity of run maximum deviation of 2 C from specified temperatureCalibration p
38、ure tin at 232 C (and for Models 230 and 240 only, pure lead at327 C for high point and ice + water for low point reference)A D3241/IP 323 Thermal Stability is a critical aviation fuel test, the results of which are used to assess the suitability of jet fuel for aviation operational safety and regul
39、atorycompliance. The integrity of D3241/IP 323 testing requires that heater tubes (test coupons) meet the regulations of D3241 Table 2 and give equivalent D3241 results tothe heater tubes supplied by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).B The following equipment, heater tubes, manufactured by P
40、AC, 8824 Fallbrook Drive, Houston, TX 77064, was used in the development of this test method. This is notan endorsement or certification by ASTM International.C Atest protocol to establish equivalence of heater tubes is on file atASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Rese
41、arch Report RR:D02-1550.D The following equipment, heater tube and filter kits, manufactured by Falex Corporation, 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL, 60554-9585, was run through the testprotocol in RR:D02-1550 and determined as equivalent to the equipment used to develop the test method.This test is
42、 detailed in RR:D02-1714.This is not an endorsementor certification by ASTM International.D3241 183(1) Circumferential Resolution(number of points measured on the heater tube circumference), 24 points equally spaced.(2) Longitudinal Resolution(number of points measured on the 50 mm rateable length o
43、f the heater tube), 50 points equallyspaced.6.2.2.2 Standard SpotThickest average deposit area described by either a 23 or 32 (longitudinal circumferential)arrangement of adjoining thickness measurement points, amongst the 1200 measured by the metrology techniques.6.2.3 Interferometric Tube Rater (I
44、TR)the tuberator described in Annex A2.6.2.4 Ellipsometric Tube Rater (ETR)the tuberator described in Annex A3.6.2.5 Multi-Wavelength Ellipsometric Tube Rater (MWETR)the tuberator described in Annex A4.6.3 Because jet fuel thermal oxidation stability is defined only in terms of this test method, whi
45、ch depends upon, and isinseparable from, the specific equipment used, the test method shall be conducted with the equipment used to develop the testmethod or equivalent equipment.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Use distilled (preferred) or deionized water in the spent sample reservoir as required for M
46、odel 230 and 240 instruments.FIG. 1 Standard Heater Section, Essential to All D3241 Test InstrumentsD3241 1847.2 Use methyl pentane, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, or n-heptane (technical grade, 95 mol % minimum purity) as general cleaningsolvent. This solvent will effectively clean internal metal surfaces
47、 of apparatus before a test, especially those surfaces (before thetest section) that contact fresh sample. (WarningExtremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled (see Annex A6).)7.2.1 Use trisolvent (equal mix of acetone (1), toluene (2), and isopropanol (3) as a specific solvent to clean internal (working
48、)surface of test section only. (Warning(1) Extremely flammable, vapors may cause flash fire; (2) and (3) Flammable. Vapors ofall three harmful. Irritating to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.)7.3 Use dry calcium sulfate + cobalt chloride granules (97 + 3 mix) or other self-indicating drying agent in
49、 the aeration dryer.This granular material changes gradually from blue to pink color indicating absorption of water. (WarningDo not inhale dustor ingest. May cause stomach disorder.)8. Standard Operating Conditions8.1 Standard conditions of the test method are as follows:8.1.1 Fuel Quantity, 450 mL minimum for test plus about 50 mL for system.8.1.2 Fuel Pre-TreatmentFiltration through a single layer of general purpose, retentive, qualitative filter paper followed by a6 min aeration at 1.5 Lmin air flow rate for a ma
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