1、Designation: D3338/D3338M 09 (Reapproved 2014)2Standard Test Method forEstimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3338/D3338M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTESection 3 was corr
3、ected editorially in September 2014.2NOTESI units formatting was corrected editorially in July 2015.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat ofcombustion (megajoules per kilogram or Btu per pound) ofaviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels inthe range fr
4、om 40.19 to 44.73 megajoules per kilogram or17 280 to 19 230 Btu per pound. The precision for estimationof the net heat of combustion outside this range has not beendetermined for this test method.1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable toliquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to t
5、he specifications foraviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels ofgrades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.NOTE 1The experimental data on heat of combustion from which theTest Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precisionmethod similar to Test Meth
6、od D4809.NOTE 2The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbonfuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class forwhich a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfurcontents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived fromaccurate
7、 experimental measurements on representative samples of thatclass. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in errorby large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels usedto establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:Fuels:Aviatio
8、n gasolineGrades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)2Kerosines, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)Pure hydrocarbonsparaffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (5).NOTE 3The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:Aromaticsf
9、rom 0 mass percent to 100 mass percentAPI Gravityfrom 25.7 to 81.2 APIVolatilityfrom 160 F to 540 F, average boiling point1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, ea
10、chsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation ofnet heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI unitsare the preferred units.1.3.2 The net heat
11、of combustion can also be estimated ininch-pound units by Test Method D1405 or in SI units by TestMethod D4529. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of oneof four equations dependent on the fuel type with a precisionequivalent to that of this test method. Test Method D4529requires calculation of a
12、 single equation for all aviation fuelswith a precision equivalent to that of this test method. UnlikeTest Method D1405 and D4529, Test Method D3338/D3338Mdoes not require the use of aniline point.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
13、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric Pressu
14、reD240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hy-drocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer Method1This test met
15、hod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 19
16、74. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3338/D3338M 09. DOI:10.1520/D3338_D3338M-09R14E02.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
17、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
18、leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byHigh Temperature Combustion and IR DetectionD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-
19、ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravi
20、ty of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels
21、by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDi
22、stillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index Detection2.2 Energy Institute Standard:4IP 436 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index Detecti
23、on3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg), nquantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constantvolume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other thanwater, which is condensed to the liquid state.3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg),
24、 nquantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constantpressure, with all of the products, including water, beinggaseous.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A correlation (6) in inch-pound units has been estab-lished between the net heat of combustion and gravity, aro-matic content, and
25、 average volatility of the fuel. This correla-tion was converted to SI units; the relationships are given bythe following equations:Type FuelAll aviation gasolines, aircraft turbine, and jet engine fuelsEquationQp15 16.24G! 2 3.007A!10.01714G 3V! (1)20.2983A 3G!10.00053A 3G 3V!117685or in SI unitsQp
26、25 5528.73 2 92.6499 A 1 10.1601 T (2)1 0.314169 AT#/D10.0791707A20.00944893T 2 0.000292178AT135.9936where:Qp1= net heat of combustion, Btu/lb sulfur-free basis,Qp2= net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, sulfur-free basis,A = aromatics, volume %G = gravity, API,V = volatility: boiling point or average of T
27、est MethodD86 or D2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, F,D = density, kg/m3at 15 CT = volatility: boiling point or average of Test MethodD86 or D2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, C.4.2 To correct for the effect of the sulfur content of the fuelon the net heat of combustion, apply the following equation
28、:Q 5 Qp3 1 2 0.01S1!#1CS1! (3)where:Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg or Btu/lb, of the fuelcontaining S1weight percent sulfur,Qp= Qp1inch-pound units or Qp2(SI units),S1= sulfur content of the fuel, mass %, andC = 0.10166 (SI units) or 43.7 (inch-pound units) = aconstant based on the thermochemical
29、 data on sulfurcompounds.4.3 The empirical equations for the estimated net heat ofcombustion, sulfur-free basis, were derived by stepwise linearregression methods using data from 241 fuels, most of whichconform to specifications for aviation gasolines and aircraftturbine or jet engine fuels.5. Signi
30、ficance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in caseswhere experimental determination of heat of combustion is notavailable and cannot be made conveniently and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asubstitute for experimental measurements of heat o
31、f combus-tion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable4Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the VariablesVariable MeanStandardDeviationAromatics, volume % 13.5 23.9Density, kg/m3
32、API 779.3 50.0 58.0 13.5Volatility, C F 171.11 340 57.2 103Heat of combustion, MJ/kg Btu/lb 43.421 18 668 0.862 371D3338/D3338M 09 (2014)22used in developing the correlation. The mean value and anestimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standarddeviation, is shown. This indicates, for
33、 example, that the meandensity for all fuels used in developing the correlation was779.3 kg m3and that two thirds of the samples had a densitybetween 721.4 kg m3and 837.1 kg m3, that is, plus or minusone standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate whenthe values of the variables used are wi
34、thin one standarddeviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standarddeviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may beapplicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocar-bons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over theentire range of the variables were included i
35、n the correlation.NOTE 4The procedures for the experimental determination of thegross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 andD4809.5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure grossheat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraftcalculations because all co
36、mbustion products are in the gaseousstate. This calculation method is based on net heat, but acorrection is required for condensed sulfur compounds.6. Procedure6.1 Determine the aromatic content of the fuel to the nearest0.1 % vol as described in Test Method D1319.6.1.1 Test Method D6379 or IP 436 m
37、ay be used as analternative to Test Method D1319 for determining fuel aromat-ics content for use in this test method.6.1.2 If Test Method D6379 or IP 436 is used, multiply thetotal aromatics content in vol% by 25/26.5 (=0.9434), and usethis corrected value in place of aromatics determined by TestMet
38、hod D1319 in Eq 2.6.2 Determine the density at 15 C or the API gravity of thefuel to the nearest 0.1 kg m3or 0.1 API as described in TestMethod D1298 or in Test Method D4052.6.3 Determine the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % boiling points ofthe fuel to the nearest 1 C or 1 F as described in TestMethod D86. Ave
39、rage these three temperatures to obtain the Tvalue (C) or the V value F used in the equations of 4.1. Fora pure hydrocarbon, T or V is the normal boiling point.6.3.1 Test Method D2887 may be used as an alternative toTest Method D86 for determining fuel volatility for use in thistest method. The aver
40、age of the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % boilingpoints determined by Test Method D2887 may be used directlyin place of the corresponding average determined by TestMethod D86.6.4 Determine the sulfur content of the fuel to the nearest0.02 % sulfur as described in Test Methods D1266, D1552,D2622, D3120, D4294,
41、orD5453, depending upon the vola-tility of the sample.7. Calculation and Report7.1 SI Units:7.1.1 Calculate the net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis,using Eq 2 of 4.1. Round the value obtained to the nearestone-thousandth.Example:Sample: KerosineDetermined Values:Aromatics, A = 12.5 % volumeDen
42、sity, D = 805.0 kg m3DistillationT105 203 C (4)T505 233 CT905 245 CCalculated Value:A 3T 5 2837.5 (5)T 5 20312331245!/3 5 227 CSubstituting into Eq 2 in 4.1:Qp25 5528.73 2 92.6499 12.5! 1 10.1601 227! (6)1 0.314169 2837.5!#/805.010.079170712.5!20.00944893227! 2 0.0002921782837.5!135.9936Qp25 43.4110
43、15 5 43.411 MJ/kg, sulfur 2 free basis (7)7.1.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion corrected for thesulfur content of the fuel using Eq 3 of 4.2. Round the valueobtained to the nearest one-thousandth.Example: Qp 2= 43.411 MJ/kgDetermined Value: Sulfur, S1= 0.10 mass %Substituting into Eq 3 in 4.2:
44、Q 5 43.4111 2 0.010.1!#10.101660.1! (8)Q 5 43.3778 5 43.378 MJ/kg (9)7.2 Inch-Pound Units:7.2.1 Calculate the net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis,using Eq 1 in 4.1. Round the value obtained to the nearestinteger.Example:Sample: KerosineDetermined Values:Aromatics, A = 12.5 % volumeGravity, G =
45、 44.2 APIDistillationT105 398 F (10)T505 451 FT905 473 FT 5 39814511473!/3 5 440.7 FCalculated Values:G 3V 5 19 478.9 (11)A 3G 5 552.5 (12)A 3G 3V 5 243486.8 (13)Substituting into Eq 1 in 4.1:Qp15 16.2444.2! 2 3.00712.5!1 (14)0.0171419 478.9! 2 0.2983552.5!10.00053243 486.8!117 685Qp15 18 663.3 5 18
46、 663 Btu/lb, sulfur 2 free basis (15)D3338/D3338M 09 (2014)237.2.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion corrected for thesulfur content of the fuel and round the value obtained to thenearest integer.Example: Qp 1= 18 663 Btu/lbDetermined Value: Sulfur, S1= 0.10 mass %Q 5 18 6631 2 0.010.1!#143.70.1!
47、 (16)Q 5 18 648.7 5 18 649 Btu/lb (17)8. Report8.1 Report the result from 7.1 to the nearest one-thousandthas net heat of combustion of the fuel in megajoules perkilogram or from 7.2 to the nearest integer as net heat ofcombustion of the fuel in Btu per pound.8.2 Report whether the result is determi
48、ned on sulfur-free orsulfur-corrected basis.9. Precision and Bias59.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of estimated net heat of combustion results (95 %confidence):9.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive re-sults obtained by the same operator (using a s
49、econd set ofmeasured values for aromatics content, density, and distillationdata) on identical test material would, in the long run, in thenormal and correct use of the test method, exceed the followingvalues (sulfur-free basis) in only one case in twenty.Repeatability 5 0.021 MJ/kg or 9 Btu/lb#9.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test
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