1、Designation: D 3338 05An American National StandardStandard Test Method forEstimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3338; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method
3、 covers the estimation of the net heat ofcombustion (megajoules per kilogram or Btu per pound) ofaviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels.1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable toliquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications foraviation gasolines
4、 or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels ofgrades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.NOTE 1The experimental data on heat of combustion from which theTest Method D 3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precisionmethod similar to Test Method D 4809.NOTE 2The estimation of the
5、net heat of combustion of a hydrocar-bon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined classfor which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfurcontents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived fromaccurate experimental measurements on repre
6、sentative samples of thatclass. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in errorby large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels usedto establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:Fuels:Aviation gasolineGrades 100/130 and 115/14
7、5 (1, 2)2Kerosines, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)Pure hydrocarbonsparaffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating ResearchCouncil (5).1.3 Although the test method permits the calculation of netheat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units,
8、 SI units arethe preferred units.1.4 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated ininch-pound units by Test Method D 1405 or in SI units by TestMethod D 4529. Test Method D 1405 requires calculation ofone of four equations dependent on the fuel type with aprecision equivalent to that of this te
9、st method. Test MethodD 4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviationfuels with a precision equivalent to that of this test method.Unlike Test Method D 1405 and D 4529, Test Method D 3338does not require the use of aniline point.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of
10、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Disti
11、llation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD 240 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb CalorimeterD 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(Lamp Method)D 1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petro
12、leum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in LiquidPetroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD 1405 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products(High-Tempera
13、ture Method)D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD 2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution ofPetroleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD 3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons
14、by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterD 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byEnergy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Prod
15、ucts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 333804.2The boldface number in
16、 parentheses refers to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
17、e ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Com-bustion of Aviation FuelsD 4809 Test Method for Hea
18、t of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D 5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Motor Fuels and Oils by UltravioletFluorescenceD 6379 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and Petroleu
19、mDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index Detection2.2 IP Standard:IP436 Test Method for Determination of Aromatic Hydro-carbon Types in Aviation Fuels and PetroleumDistillatesHigh Performance Liquid ChromatographyMethod with Refractive Index Detection3. Terminol
20、ogy3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg)the quantity ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constantvolume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other thanwater, which is condensed to the liquid state.3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)the quantity
21、ofenergy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constantpressure, with all of the products, including water, beinggaseous.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A correlation (6) in inch-pound units has been estab-lished between the net heat of combustion and gravity, aro-matic content, and average vo
22、latility of the fuel. This correla-tion was converted to SI units; the relationships are given bythe following equations:Type FuelAll aviation gasolines, aircraft turbine, and jet engine fuelsEquationQp15 16.24G! 2 3.007A! 1 0.01714G 3 V! (1)2 0.2983A 3 G! 1 0.00053A 3 G 3 V! 1 17685or in SI unitsQp
23、25 5528.73 2 92.6499A 1 10.1601T (2)1 0.314169AT/D 1 0.0791707A2 0.00944893T 2 0.000292178AT 1 35.9936where:Qp1= net heat of combustion, Btu/lb, sulfur-free basis,Qp2= net heat of combustion, MJ/kg, sulfur-free basis,A = aromatics, volume %G = gravity, API,V = volatility: boiling point or average of
24、 Test MethodD86or D 2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, F,D = density, kg/m3at 15CT = volatility: boiling point or average of Test MethodD86or D 2887 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % points, C.4.2 To correct for the effect of the sulfur content of the fuelon the net heat of combustion, apply the following equatio
25、n:Q 5 Qp3 1 2 0.01S1!# 1 CS1! (3)where:Q = net heat of combustion, MJ/kg or BTU/lb, of the fuelcontaining S1weight percent sulfur,Qp= Qp1(inch-pound units) or Qp2(SI units),S1= sulfur content of the fuel, mass %, andC = 0.10166 (SI units) or 43.7 (inch-pound units) = aconstant based on the thermoche
26、mical data on sulfurcompounds4.3 The empirical equations for the estimated net heat ofcombustion, sulfur-free basis, were derived by stepwise linearregression methods using data from 241 fuels, most of whichconform to specifications for aviation gasolines and aircraftturbine or jet engine fuels.5. S
27、ignificance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in caseswhere experimental determination of heat of combustion is notavailable and cannot be made conveniently and where anestimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as asubstitute for experimental measurements of he
28、at of combus-tion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variableused in developing the correlation. The mean value and anestimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standarddeviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the meandensity for all fuels used in developing th
29、e correlation was779.3 kg/m3and that two thirds of the samples had a densitybetween 721.4 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus onestandard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when thevalues of the variables used are within one standard deviationof the mean, but is useful up to two standar
30、d deviations of themean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to otherhydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, onlylimited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of thevariables were included in the correlation.NOTE 3The procedures for the experimental determination
31、 of thegross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D 240and D 4809.5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 3 measure grossheat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraftcalculations because all combustion products are in the gaseousstate. This calculation method is b
32、ased on net heat, but acorrection is required for condensed sulfur compounds.6. Procedure6.1 Determine the aromatic content of the fuel to the nearest0.1 % vol as described in Test Method D 1319.TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the VariablesVariable MeanStandardDeviationAromatics, volume % 13.
33、5 23.9Density, kg/m3(API) 779.3 (50.0) 58.0 (13.5)Volatility, C (F) 171.11 (340) 57.2 (103)Heat of combustion, MJ/kg (Btu/lb) 43.421 (18 668) 0.862 (371)D33380526.1.1 Test Method D 6379 or IP436 may be used as analternative to Test Method D 1319 for determining fuel aro-matics content for use in thi
34、s test method.6.1.2 If Test Method D 6379 or IP436 is used, multiply thetotal aromatics content in vol% by 25/26.5 (=0.9434), and usethis corrected value in place of aromatics determined by TestMethod D 1319 in Eq 2.6.2 Determine the density at 15C or the API gravity of thefuel to the nearest 0.1 kg
35、/m3or 0.1 API as described in TestMethod D 1298 or in Test Method D 4052.6.3 Determine the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % boiling points ofthe fuel to the nearest 1C or 1F as described in Test MethodD86. Average these three temperatures to obtain the T value(C) or the V value (F) used in the equations of 4.1.
36、 For a purehydrocarbon, T or V is the normal boiling point.6.3.1 Test Method D 2887 may be used as an alternative toTest Method D86for determining fuel volatility for use in thistest method. The average of the 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % boilingpoints determined by Test Method D 2887 may be used directlyin
37、 place of the corresponding average determined by TestMethod D86.6.4 Determine the sulfur content of the fuel to the nearest0.02 % sulfur as described in Test Methods D 1266, D 1552,D 2622, D 3120, D 4294,orD 5453, depending upon thevolatility of the sample.7. Calculation and Report7.1 SI Units:7.1.
38、1 Calculate the net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis,using Eq 2 of 4.1. Round the value obtained to the nearestone-thousandth.Example:Sample: KerosineDetermined Values:Aromatics, A = 12.5 % volumeDensity, D = 805.0 kg/m3DistillationT105 203C (4)T505 233CT905 245CT 5 203 1 233 1 245!/3 5 227CCal
39、culated Value: A 3 T 5 2837.5 (5)Substituting into Eq 2 in 4.1:Qp25 5528.73 2 92.649912.5! 1 10.1601227! (6)1 0.3141692837.5!#/805.0 1 0.079170712.5!2 0.00944893227! 2 0.0002921782837.5!1 35.9936Qp25 43.4101015 5 43.410 MJ/kg, sulfur2free basis (7)7.1.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion corrected
40、 for thesulfur content of the fuel using Eq 3 of 4.2. Round the valueobtained to the nearest one-thousandth.Example: Qp2= 43.410 MJ/kgDetermined Value: Sulfur, S1= 0.10 mass %Substituting into Eq 3 in 4.2:Q 5 43.4101 2 0.010.1!# 1 0.10166 0.1! (8)Q 5 43.3768 5 43.377 MJ/kg (9)7.2 Inch-Pound Units:7.
41、2.1 Calculate the net heat of combustion, sulfur-free basis,using Eq 1 in 4.1. Round the value obtained to the nearestinteger.Example:Sample: KerosineDetermined Values:Aromatics, A = 12.5 % volumeGravity, G = 44.2 APIDistillationT105 398F (10)T505 451FT905 473FT 5 398 1 451 1 473!/3 5 440.7FCalculat
42、ed Values:G 3 V 5 19 478.9 (11)A 3 G 5 552.5 (12)A 3 G 3 T 5 243 486.8 (13)Substituting into Eq 1 in 4.1:Qp15 16.2444.2! 2 3.00712.5! 1 (14)0.0171419 478.9! 2 0.2983552.5! 10.00053243 486.8! 1 17 685Qp15 18 663.3 5 18 663 Btu/lb, sulfur2free basis (15)7.2.2 Calculate the net heat of combustion corre
43、cted for thesulfur content of the fuel and round the value obtained to thenearest integer.Example: Qp1= 18 663 Btu/lbDetermined Value: Sulfur, S1= 0.10 mass %Q 5 18 6631 2 0.010.1!# 1 43.70.1! (16)Q 5 18 648.7 5 18 649 Btu/lb (17)8. Report8.1 Report the result from 7.1 to the nearest one-thousandtha
44、s net heat of combustion of the fuel in megajoules perkilogram or from 7.2 to the nearest integer as net heat ofcombustion of the fuel in Btu per pound.9. Precision and Bias49.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of estimated net heat of combustion results (95 %confid
45、ence):9.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive re-sults obtained by the same operator (using a second set ofmeasured values for aromatics content, density, and distillationdata) on identical test material would, in the long run, in thenormal and correct use of the test method, exceed the
46、 followingvalues (sulfur-free basis) in only one case in twenty.Repeatability 5 0.021 MJ/kg or 9 Btu/lb9.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two singleand independent results obtained by different operators work-ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, inthe long run, ex
47、ceed the following values in only one case intwenty.Reproducibility 5 0.046 MJ/kg or 20 Btu/lb4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: D02-1183.D3338053NOTE 4The repeatability and reproducibility stated above is based on
48、the summation of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test methodsused in the calculations. It does not include the effect of the scatter of theoriginal data about the regression line, described by Eq 1 and Eq 2.Therefore, the possibility that individual estimates may be in error inexcess of
49、 the above precision should be recognized.9.2 BiasThe correlation described by this test method isbased on data obtained with methods equivalent to TestMethod D 4809 and the data scatter is described by Table 1.However, no statement on bias can be made because the biasfor Test Method D 4809 cannot be determined.10. Keywords10.1 aviation fuel; gross heat of combustion; heat energy;heat of combustion; heating tests; net heat of combustionREFERENCES(1) Armstrong, G. T., et al, “Net Heat of Combustion ofAviation Gasolineand i
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