1、Designation: D3343 16Standard Test Method forEstimation of Hydrogen Content of Aviation Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3343; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the hyd
3、rogencontent (mass percent) of aviation gasolines and aircraftturbine and jet engine fuels.1.2 This test method is empirical and is applicable to liquidhydrocarbon fuels that conform to the requirements of speci-fications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet enginefuels of types Jet A,
4、 Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.NOTE 1The procedure for the experimental determination of hydro-gen in petroleum fractions is described in Test Methods D1018, D3701,D5291, and D7171.NOTE 2The estimation of the hydrogen content of a hydrocarbon fuelis justifiable only when the fuel belong
5、s to a well-defined class for whicha relationship among the hydrogen content and the distillation range,density, and aromatic content has been derived from accurate experimen-tal measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in thiscase, the possibility that the estimates may be in erro
6、r by large amounts forindividual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish thecorrelation presented in this test method are defined by the followingspecifications:Fuel SpecificationAviation gasolines D910Aircraft turbine and jet engine fuelsJP-4 and JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624JP-7 MIL-DTL-38219J
7、P-8 MIL-DTL-83133Jet A and Jet A-1 D1655Miscellaneous hydrocarbonsNo. 2 Diesel fuelKerosene distillates (similar to Jet A)Miscellaneous (includes thinners, gasoline fractions, and unidentified blends)Special production fuels (commercial products of nearly pure hydrocarbonsand special high-temperatur
8、e fuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests.Pure hydrocarbons1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It
9、 is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheri
10、c PressureD910 Specification for Leaded Aviation GasolinesD1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum FractionsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petro-
11、leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator AdsorptionD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine FuelsD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of AviationTurbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear MagneticResonance Spe
12、ctrometryD5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination ofCarbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Productsand LubricantsD7171 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Dis-tillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution PulsedNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy2.2 Military Specifications:3M
13、IL-DTL-5624 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Grade JP-4 andJP-5MIL-DTL-38219 Turbine Fuel, Low Volatility, JP-7MIL-DTL-83133 Turbine Fuel, Aviation, Kerosene Type,JP-8 (NATO F-34), NATO F-35, and JP-8+100 (NATOF-37)1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid
14、 Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.04.0K on Correlative Methods.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D3343 05 (2015).DOI: 10.1520/D3343-16.2For referenced ASTM sta
15、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Copies of these documents are available online at http:/www.quicksearch.dla.mil.*A S
16、ummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Summary of Test Method3.1 A correlation4has been established between the hydro-gen content of a fuel and its distillation
17、range, API gravity, andaromatic content. This relationship is given by the followingequations:Type fuelAll aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine fuels%H5 0.06317G 2 0.041089A10.000072135AV (1)10.00005684GV 2 0.0004960GA110.56or in SI Units,5%H5 9201.2114.49T 2 70.22A!/D (2)10.02652A10.0001298AT20.
18、013 47T12.003where:% H = mass percent hydrogen;G = gravity, API;A = volume percent aromatics;V = average of 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % distillation data,F (using Test Method D86);T = average of 10 %, 50 %, and 90 % distillation data,C; andD = density in kg/m3at 15 C.3.2 Eq 1 was empirically derived for th
19、e mass percenthydrogen by the method of least squares from accurate data onfuels using inch-pound units of measurement. Eq 2 was deriveddirectly from Eq 1 by simply converting from inch-pound to SIunits of measurement.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in case
20、sin which an experimental determination of hydrogen content isnot available. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of eachvariable used in developing the correlation. The mean valueand its distribution about the mean, namely the standarddeviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean
21、density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was783.5 kg m3and that two thirds of the samples had a densitybetween 733.2 kg m3and 841.3 kg m3, that is, plus and minusone standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate whenthe values of the variables to be used in the equation are wi
22、thinone standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to twostandard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlationmay be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates similar toaviation fuels, but only limited data on nonaviation fuels wereincluded in the correlation.4.2 Hydrogen content is r
23、equired to correct gross heat ofcombustion to net heat of combustion. Net heat is used inaircraft calculation because all combustion products are in thegaseous state, but experimental methods measure gross heat.5. Procedure5.1 Determine the density or the API gravity of the fuelsample as described i
24、n Practice D1298 API 2547IP 160.5.2 Determine the temperatures at which 10 %, 50 %, and90 % of the fuel are recovered using Test Method D86IP 123or Test Method D2887IP 406. Average these three tempera-tures to obtain the T value (in C) or the V value (in F) usedin the equations of 3.1.NOTE 3Distilla
25、tion data (10 %, 50 %, and 90 %) obtained by TestMethod D2887 are not equivalent to the same data obtained by TestMethod D86. However, as the 50 % temperatures are approximately equal,and the 90 % delta is similar in magnitude and opposite in sign to the 10 %delta, the average of the 10 %, 50 %, and
26、 90 % temperatures by either testmethod may be used to estimate hydrogen content by Test Method D3343.5.3 Determine the aromatic volume percent of the sampleusing Test Method D1319IP 156.6. Calculation and Report6.1 Inch-Pound UnitsCalculate the percent hydrogen ofthe sample using Eq 1 in 3.1. Round
27、 the value obtained to thenearest 0.01 %.Example: Sample: Aviation kerosene fuelDetermined Values:API gravity, G =44Aromatic volume percent, A =12Average distillation temperature, V = 400 F (10 % = 350 F,50 % = 390 F, 90 % = 460 F; V = (350 + 390 + 460)/3 =400 FUsing Eq 1 in 3.1:%H5 0.0631744! 2 0.0
28、4108912!1 (3)0.00007213512!400!10.0000568444!400!20.000496044!12!110.56%H5 13.9311 5 13.936.2 SI UnitsCalculate the percent hydrogen of the sampleusing Eq 2 of 3.1. Round the value obtained to the nearest0.01 %.Example: Sample: Aviation kerosene fuelDetermined Values:Density, D = 805.9 kg/m3Aromatic
29、s, volume %, A =12Average distillation temperature, T = 205 C (10 % =178 C, 50 % = 200 C, 90 % = 237 C, T = (178 + 200 +237)/3 = 205 C)4Bert, J. A., and Painter, L. J., “Method for Calculating Hydrogen Content ofAviation Fuels,” Chevron Research Co., Richmond, CA, Jan. 12, 1973.5Supporting data (con
30、version of Eq 1 to SI units) have been filed at ASTMInternational Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research ReportRR:D02-1266.TABLE 1 Mean and Standard Deviation of the VariablesVariable MeanStandardDeviationAromatics, volume, % 14.1 21.6Density, kg/m3(API) 783 (49.1) 54 (12.4)Volatili
31、ty, C (F) 178 (352) 53 (96)Mass percent hydrogen 14.1 1.3D3343 162Using Eq 2 in 3.1:%H5 9201.2 1 14.49 205! 2 (4)70.22 12!#/805.910.0265212!10.000129812!205! 2 0.01347205!12.003%H5 13.9367 5 13.946.3 An alternative method for calculating the percent hy-drogen is by summing the values of F1(H2) and F
32、2(H2)determined from the nomographs in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2,respectively.6.3.1 Determine the F1(H2) value using the nomograph ofFig. 1. Enter the nomograph at the abscissa with the density orthe API gravity value, then move vertically upward to thevolume percent aromatics line, and then move horizontal
33、ly tothe left and read off the value of F1(H2).6.3.2 Determine the F2(H2) value using the nomograph ofFig. 2. Enter the nomograph at the left ordinate using thedensity or theAPI gravity. Move horizontally to the right to thevolume percent aromatics line, then vertically downward to theaverage boilin
34、g point line (average of the 10 %, 50 %, and90 % distillation temperatures) using either F or C, and thenhorizontally to the right ordinate and read the F2(H2) value.6.3.3 Sum the F1(H2) and the F2(H2) values to obtain theestimated hydrogen content in mass percent.6.4 Report the result from 6.1, 6.2
35、,or6.3 to the nearest0.01 % as weight percent of hydrogen of the fuel sample.7. Precision and Bias67.1 The following criteria should be used for judging theacceptability of estimated hydrogen content results (95 %confidence):7.1.1 RepeatabilityDuplicate results by the same operator(using a second se
36、t of measured values for aromatics content,6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1184.FIG. 1 Nomogram for Determining F1(H2)D3343 163density, and distillation data) should be considered suspect ifthe calculated hyd
37、rogen content values differ by more than thefollowing amount:Repeatability 5 0.03% (5)7.1.2 ReproducibilityWith two independent laboratoriesmaking independent measurements of the density, aromaticscontent, and distillation data for an identical fuel sample, thecalculated hydrogen content values shou
38、ld not be consideredsuspect unless they differ by more than the following amount:Reproducibility 5 0.10% (6)7.2 BiasThe correlation equation was developed using331 fuels, 247 of which were aviation fuels (or similar thereto)and 84 of which were pure hydrocarbons, commercial productsof nearly pure hy
39、drocarbons, and special high-temperaturefuels (HTF) produced for Air Force tests. The standard error ofestimate for the hydrogen content of all fuels is 0.20 % and foraviation type fuels is 0.16 %.NOTE 4The repeatability and reproducibility stated in this section isbased on the summation of the repe
40、atability and reproducibility of the testmethods used in the calculations. It does not include the effect of thescatter of the original data about the regression line, described by Eq 1 andEq 2. Therefore, the possibility that individual estimates may be in errorin excess of the precision discussed
41、in this section should be recognized.8. Keywords8.1 aviation fuels; hydrogen contentFIG. 2 Nomogram for Determining F2(H2)D3343 164SUMMARY OF CHANGESSubcommittee D02.04 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(D3343 05 (2015) that may impact the use of th
42、is standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2016.)(1) Revised Note 2 in Scope.(2) Revised subsection 2.1 and 2.2 with new/updated Refer-enced Documents.(3) Changed “kerosine” to “kerosene” throughout.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any
43、 item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical
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45、 a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
46、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 165
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