1、Designation: D3361 01 (Reapproved 2006)D3361/D3361M 13Standard Practice forUnfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint andRelated Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3361;D3361/D3361M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This practice covers the selection of test conditions for accel
3、erated exposure testing of coatings and related products inunfiltered open-flame carbon-arc devices conducted according to Practice G151 and G152. This practice also covers thepreparation of test specimens, the test conditions suited for coatings, and the evaluation of test results.NOTE 1Previous ve
4、rsions of this practice referenced carbon-arc devices described by Practice G23, which described very specific equipment designs.Practice G23 has been withdrawn and replaced by Practice G151, which describes performance criteria for all exposure devices that use laboratory lightsources.1.2 This prac
5、tice covers unfiltered open-flame carbon-arc exposures of paints and related coatings, and covers the exposurecycle that has been commonly referred to as the “dew cycle.” Practice D822D822/D822M describes filtered open-flame carbon-arcdevices, and Practice D5031D5031/D5031M describes enclosed carbon
6、-arc exposures.The radiation from an unfiltered open-flamecarbon arc produces shorter wavelengths and higher levels of short wavelength radiation than either filtered open-flame or enclosedcarbon arcs.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as stand
7、ard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, a
8、ssociated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D358 Specification for Wood to Be Used as Panels in Weath
9、ering Tests of CoatingsD523 Test Method for Specular GlossD609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related CoatingProductsD610 Practice for Evaluating Degree of Rusting on Painted Steel SurfacesD659 Method for Evaluating Degree of
10、 Chalking of Exterior Paints (Withdrawn 1990)3D660 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Checking of Exterior PaintsD662 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Erosion of Exterior PaintsD714 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Blistering of PaintsD772 Test Method for Evaluating Degree of Flaking (Scal
11、ing) of Exterior PaintsD822D822/D822M Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related CoatingsD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Co
12、atings Using Micrometers1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006Oct. 1, 2013. Published December 2006O
13、ctober 2013. Originally approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 20012006as D3361 01.D3361 01 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/D3361-01R06.10.1520/D3361_D3361M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
14、f ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
15、of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be consider
16、ed the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1186 Test Methods for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings
17、Applied to a FerrousBase (Withdrawn 2006)3D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to aNonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)3D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque MaterialsD
18、1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for PaintingD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesD2616 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray ScaleD3980 Practice for In
19、terlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)3D4214 Test Methods for Evaluating the Degree of Chalking of Exterior Paint FilmsD5031D5031/D5031M Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related CoatingsD5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index
20、 of PlasticsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus ColorimetryG23 Practice for Operating Light-ExposureApparatus (Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure
21、 of NonmetallicMaterials (Withdrawn 2000)3G113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic MaterialsG147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetallic Materials for Natural an
22、d Artificial Weathering TestsG151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Accelerated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light SourcesG152 Practice for Operating Open Flame Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic MaterialsG169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
23、 Weathering Tests3. Terminology3.1 The definitions given in Terminology G113 are applicable to this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 The ability of a paint or coating to resist deterioration of its physical and optical properties caused by exposure to light, heat,and water can be very significant
24、 for many applications. This practice is intended to induce property changes associated withend-use conditions, including the effects of sunlight, moisture, and heat. The exposure used in this practice is not intended tosimulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmosph
25、eric pollution, biological attack, and saltwaterexposure.4.2 CautionsVariation in results may be expected when different operating conditions are used. Therefore, no reference to theuse of this practice shall be made unless accompanied by a report prepared according to Section 10 that describes the
26、specificoperating conditions used. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtainedaccording to this practice.NOTE 1Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution, and data ana
27、lysis oflaboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.4.2.1 The spectral power distribution of light from an unfiltered open-flame carbon arc is significantly different from thatproduced in light and water exposure devices using other carbon-arc configurations or other light sources.
28、The type and rate ofdegradation and the performance rankings produced by exposures to unfiltered open-flame carbon-arcs can be much different fromthat produced by exposures to other types of laboratory light sources. Typically, exposures conducted according to this practicewill produce degradation f
29、aster than similar exposures conducted according to in accordance with Practice D822D822/D822M orD5031D5031/D5031M and may cause different types of degradation.4.2.2 Interlaboratory comparisons are valid only when all laboratories use the same type of carbon-arc and exposure conditions.4.3 Reproduci
30、bility of test results between laboratories has been shown to be good when the stability of materials is evaluatedin terms of performance ranking compared to other materials or to a control.4,5 Therefore, exposure of a similar material of knownperformance (a control) at the same time as the test mat
31、erials is strongly recommended. It is recommended that at least threereplicates of each material be exposed to allow for statistical evaluation of results.4.4 Test results will depend upon the care that is taken to operate the equipment. equipment in accordance with Practice G152.Significant factors
32、 include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humiditycontrol, and conditions of the electrodes.4 Fischer, R., “Results of Round Robin Studies of Light- andWater-Exposure Standard Practices,” Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic
33、 Materials, ASTMSTP 1202, ASTM, 1993.5 Ketola, W., and Fischer, R., “Characterization and Use of Reference Materials in Accelerated Durability Tests,” VAMAS Technical Report No. 30, NIST, June 1997.D3361/D3361M 1324.5 All references to exposures in accordance with this practice must include a comple
34、te description of the test cycle used.5. Apparatus5.1 Use filtered open-flame carbon-arc apparatus with automatic humidity control that conforms to the requirements defined inPracticePractices G151 and G152.5.2 Do not place any filters between the open flame carbon arc and the test specimens.6. Haza
35、rds6.1 WarningIn addition to other precautions, never look directly at the carbon arc because UV radiation can damage the eye.Most carbon-arc machines are equipped with door safety switches, but users of old equipment must be certain to turn off the powerto the carbon arc before opening the test-cha
36、mber door.6.2 This light source generates ozone and nitrous oxides. Vent exhaust from the exposure device to the atmosphere.6.3 The burning carbon rods used in these devices become very hot during use. Make sure to allow at least 15 min for the arcsto cool after the device is turned off before attem
37、pting to change the carbon rods.6.4 Carbon residue and ash are known respiratory irritants. Wear an appropriate high-efficiency dust respirator, gloves, andsafety glasses when handling or changing carbon rods. Make sure to wash any carbon residue from hands or arms prior to eatingor drinking.7. Test
38、 Specimens7.1 Apply the coating to flat (plane) panels with the substrate, method of preparation, method of application, coating system,film thickness, and method of drying consistent with the anticipated end use, or as mutually agreed upon between the producerand user.7.2 Panel specifications and m
39、ethods of preparation include but are not limited to Practices D609 or D1730, or SpecificationD358. Select panel sizes suitable for use with the exposure apparatus.7.3 Coat test panels in accordance with Test Methods D823, then measure the film thickness in accordance with an appropriateprocedure se
40、lected from Test Methods D1005, D1186, or D1400. Nondestructive methods are preferred because panels someasured need not be repaired.7.4 Prior to exposing coated panels in the apparatus, condition them at 23 6 2C (7373 6 3F)3F and 50 6 5 % relativehumidity for one of the following periods in accorda
41、nce with the type of coating:Baked coatings 24 hRadiation-cured coatings 24 hAll other coatings 7 days min7.4.1 Other procedures for preparation of test specimens may be used if agreed upon by all interested parties.7.5 Mount specimens in holders so that only the minimum specimen area required for s
42、upport by the holder is covered. Do notuse this covered area of the specimen as part of the test area.7.6 Unless otherwise specified, expose at least three replicate specimens of each test and control material.7.7 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for identification and conditioning a
43、nd handling of specimens of test,control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after exposure.7.8 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.Misleading results may be obtained by this method, since the masked portion of t
44、he specimen is still exposed to temperature andhumidity cycles that in many cases will affect results.7.9 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of all materials evaluated.7.9.1 When destructive tests are run, it is recommended that a sufficient number of file specimens be retained so that the
45、propertyof interest can be determined on unexposed file specimens each time exposed materials are evaluated.NOTE 2Since the stability of the file specimen may also be time-dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, or where smalldifferences in the order of acceptable limits
46、 are anticipated, comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen may not be valid. Nondestructiveinstrumental measurements are recommended whenever possible.7.10 Specimens should not ordinarily be removed from the exposure apparatus for more than 24 h, then returned for additionaltests, sinc
47、e this does not produce the same results on all materials as tests run without this type of interruption. When specimensare removed from the exposure apparatus for 24 h or more, then returned for additional exposure, report the elapsed time as notedunder Section 10.D3361/D3361M 1338. Procedure8.1 Un
48、less otherwise specified, use the following exposure cycle:operate the device using the following exposure cycle so thatthe allowable deviations about the set points given with each set point below are within the specified limits specified in thecorresponding entry. If the actual operating condition
49、s do not agree with the machine settings after the equipment has stabilized,discontinue the test and correct the cause of the disagreement before continuing.NOTE 3Each set point and the corresponding operational fluctuations given in this section represent an operational control point for equilibriumconditions at a single location in the cabinet, which may not necessarily represent the uniformity of those conditions throughout the cabinet. ASTMCommittee G03 is working to refine these operational fluctuations and address the uniformity issue.NOTE 4Set points and ope
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