1、Designation: D3376 88 (Reapproved 2009)D3376 14Standard Test Methods ofSampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufactureof Electrical Insulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption o
2、r, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of cellulosic pulps f
3、or use in the manufacture of electrical insulatingpapers and boards or in the direct application of pulp fibers as insulation to electrical conductors.NOTE 1The significance of any one pulp property test method, as set forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the productmade f
4、rom the pulp.1.2 Sections on Reagents, Sampling, and Report are integral parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet formedfrom the pulp.1.3.1 Bulk characteristics det
5、erminable by these procedures appear in the following sections:ProcedureSec-tionsASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceProcedure SectionsASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D202 .Aqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D202 .Aqueous Extract pH 10 and11D202 .Aque
6、ous Extract pH 10 and11D202 .Aqueous ExtractableAcidity- Alkalinity12 and13D202 .Aqueous ExtractableAcidity-Alkalinity12 and13D202 .Analysis of Ash for Cations byAtomic Absorption Spectro-photometry73 81 D1193 and D2576 .Analysis of Ash for Cations byAtomic Absorption Spectro-photometry70 78 D1193 a
7、nd D2576 .Ash Content 82 85 D202 T 413Ash Content 79 82 D202 T 413Dirt in Pulp 42 and43. T 213Dirt in Pulp 40 and41. T 213Fiber Analysis 24 and25D202 and D1030 .Fiber Analysis 23 and24D202 and D1030 .Fiber Length of Pulp 44 and45. T 232,T 233Fiber Length of Pulp 42 and43. T 232,T 2331 These test met
8、hods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2014. Published February 2010November 2014. Originally app
9、roved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20052009as D3776 88D3376 88 (2009). (2005). DOI: 10.1520/D337688R09.10.1520/D337614.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version
10、. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section
11、 appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Freeness (Canadian StandardFreeness)56 and57. T 227Freeness (Canadian StandardFreeness)53 and54. T 227Kappa Number/PermanganateNumber (SubstancesOxi d
12、izable by Permangan-ate)28 and29. T 236,UM 251Kappa Number/PermanganateNumber (SubstancesOxidizable by Permanga-nate)27 and28. T 236,UM 251Laboratory Processing of Pulp(Beater Method)54 and55. T 200Laboratory Processing of Pulp(Beater Method)51 and52. T 200Moisture in Pulp 32 34 . T 210Moisture in P
13、ulp 31 33 . T 210Neutral Aqueous ExtractableHardness in Pulp16 23 D202, D1126, andD2576.Neutral Aqueous ExtractableHardness in Pulp16 22 D202, D1126, andD2576.Pentosan Content of Pulp 30 and31. T 223Pentosan Content of Pulp 29 and30. T 223Resistance of Pulp toDisinte gration (StandardRPG)46 53 . T 2
14、39,UM 252Resistance of Pulp toDisintegration (StandardRPG)44 50 . T 239,UM 252Shive Count 35 41 . .Shive Count 34 39 . .Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26 and27D202 .Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 25 and26D202 .Tensile Properties 68 72 D202 .Tensile Properties 65 69 D202 .Water-Extractable Chlorides
15、14 and15D202 .Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and15D202 .1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these procedures appear in the following sections:ProcedureSec-tionASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceProcedure SectionASTMMethodReferenceTAPPIMethodReferenceAir Resistance (Porosity) 60 and61
16、D202 T 205Air Resistance (Porosity) 57 and58D202 T 205Apparent Density 66 and67D202 T 205Apparent Density 63 and64D202 T 205Bursting Strength 62 and63D202 and D774/D774M T 205Bursting Strength 59 and60D202 and D774/D774M T 205Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54 and55D202 and D2176 T 205Folding Endurance (
17、M.I.T.) 51 and52D202 and D2176 T 205Forming Handsheets forPhysical Tests of Pulp58 and59. T 205Forming Handsheets forPhysical Tests of Pulp55 and56. T 205Tensile Strength 68 and69D202 and D828 T 205Tensile Strength 65 and66D202 and D828 T 205NOTE 2Methods forAsh, Silica, selected cations fromAsh, He
18、at Stability, , , and Cellulose,Viscosity,Total Chlorine,Tear, and Dissipation FactorD3376 142and Relative Permittivity, will be considered for addition as methods are developed.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
19、only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Reference
20、d Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D202 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated Paper Used for Electrical InsulationD774/D774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of Paper (Withdrawn 2010)3D828 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard Using Constant-Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus (
21、Withdrawn2009)3D1030 Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and PaperboardD1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD2176 Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the M.I.T. Tester (Withdrawn 2010)3D2576 Metho
22、d of Test for Metals in Water and Waste Water by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Withdrawn 1979)3D3376 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture of Electrical InsulationE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specificat
23、ions2.2 TAPPI Standards:4T 200 Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Beater Method)T 205 Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of PulpT 210 Weighing, Sampling, and Testing Pulp for MoistureT 213 Dirt in PulpT 221 Drainage Time of PulpT 223 Pentosans in Wood and PulpT 227 Freeness of PulpT 232 Fiber Length
24、of Pulp by ProjectionT 233 Fiber Length of Pulp by ClassificationT 236 Kappa Number of PulpT 413 Ash in Paper and PaperboardT 445 Identification of Specks and Spots in PaperT 1002 Drainage Time for Insulating BoardUM 203 Freeness of Pulp (William Tester)UM 251 Permanganate Number of PulpUM 252 Resis
25、tance of Pulp and Paper Stock to Disintegration3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these test methods and associated with electrical and electronic insulatingmaterials use Terminology D1711.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 aqueous extractable hardnes
26、s, nthe amount of calcium and magnesium present in pulp and which may be extracted byhot neutral water under prescribed conditions.3.2.2 hardness, na characteristic of water that represents the total concentration of calcium and magnesium in the water,expressed as parts per million (ppm) CaCO3.3.2.3
27、 pulp, na fibrous material that is made by chemical or mechanical treatment, or both, of wood, cotton, hemp, or othercellulosic fiber to achieve substantially separate fibers that are suitable for a sheet-forming process.NOTE 3Electrical insulation made from pulp may be papers or boards used for cap
28、acitors, transformer coils, creped papers, etc. and so forth. It mayalso be pulp applied directly onto electrical conductors.3.2.4 resistance to disintegration, nthe amount of work (expressed as revolutions per gram of pulp) required under standardconditions to bring a sample of pulp to a state of c
29、omplete dispersion of single fibers.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved versi
30、on of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.D3376 1433.2.5 shive, na particle in pulp or paper that is a bundle of cellulosic fibers bo
31、nded together in a parallel arrangement.NOTE 4Dark single fibers are not to be counted as shives. Count only bundles of fibers regardless of color.3.2.6 shive count, nthe quantitative expression of the concentration of shives in a quantity of pulp or paper.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor this method the shive
32、 count is restricted to the number of shives that exceed 1.5 mm in length that are present after a specifiedprocessing of the pulp to form handsheets for evaluation.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 These test methods describe the specific procedures for testing the properties of pulp, both in its origi
33、nal bulk form and afterit has been formed into a handsheet in the testing laboratory.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsUse reagent grade chemicals in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shallconform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of t
34、he American Chemical Society, where suchspecifications are available.5 Other grades may be used, It is acceptable to use other grades, provided it is first ascertained that thereagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.5.2 Purity of W
35、aterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean water conforming toSpecification D1193, Type III.6. Sampling6.1 Terminology regarding sampling and evaluation terminology shall conform to those in the sampling sections of TestMethods D202.6.2 Obtain the sample of pulp
36、from the lot to be evaluated in a manner that will maximize the probability that a representativesample is collected. Where practicable, use one of the sampling plans shown in Test Methods D202. Protect the material samplefrom contamination during handling and transporting to a laboratory for testin
37、g. The instructions for preparation of specimens aregiven in the sections pertaining to the individual property tests. Take the sample for moisture content in accordance with TAPPIT 210.6.3 Condition samples in a container suitable for preventing moisture variation over the period of testing. When t
38、est specimensare drawn, determine the moisture content of the material to allow correction of weights to moisture-free equivalent weight.7. Report7.1 At the completion of any or all of the following tests, report the test results (as defined in 6.1) of the pulp properties withidentifying units as fo
39、llows:7.1.1 Identification of the pulp sampled and tested by lot number, type, grade, etc.,and so forth,7.1.2 Dates of testing,7.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory and the person responsible for the testing,7.1.4 Remarks indicating method or procedures used and the deviation, if any, from the st
40、andard test procedures,7.1.5 Indication of the variance in test measurements (as defined in 6.1) such as high, low, standard deviation, etc., and so forth,and7.1.6 Any information particular to the cited procedure.7.2 Report the test results (as defined in 6.1) as calculated or observed values round
41、ed to the nearest unit in the last right-handplace of figures used in the material specification to express the limiting value. (See the rounding method of Practice E29.)AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY8. Significance and Use8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical grade pulp results from
42、 electrolytic impurities in the pulp which may bepotentially present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination of these. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electricalinsulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulation resistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies under c
43、onditions of5 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United St
44、ates Pharmacopeia and NationalFormulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.D3376 144applied potential. When comparing test data it should be noted data, note that the extract conductivity of pulps, especially thoseof high purity, may change changes with time after manufactur
45、ing. manufacturing in some instances. This test is useful for routineacceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.69. Procedure9.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen weight equivalent to 1 g of moisture-free pulp.AQUEOUS EXTRACT pH10. Significance and Use10.1
46、The extract pH determination measures the degree to which a pulp alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water.The test gives a measure of the active acidity or alkalinity of the pulp extract. The It is possible that the presence of active acidicor alkaline contaminants in a pulp maywill re
47、sult in their being incorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp, andcan lead to a deterioration of the insulation in service. This test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of differentpulps, and research work.211. Procedure11.1 Follow Test Methods D202, except
48、 use a specimen weight equivalent to 1 g of moisture-free pulp.AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY-ALKALINITY12. Significance and Use12.1 The extract acidity-alkalinity determination for a pulp measures the quantity of extracted ionizable material, which altersthe hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water
49、. The It is possible that the presence of active acidic or alkaline contaminants ina pulp maywill result in their being incorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp, and this can lead to adeterioration of the insulation in service. This test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, andresearch.413. Procedure13.1 Follow Test Methods D202, except use a specimen weight equivalent to 1 g of moisture-free pulp.WATER-EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDES14. Significance and Use14.1 The It is pos
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