1、Designation: D3385 18Standard Test Method forInfiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-RingInfiltrometer1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3385; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method describes a pr
3、ocedure for field mea-surement of the rate of infiltration of liquid (typically water)into soils using double-ring infiltrometer.1.2 The infiltrometer is installed by driving into the soil.Theinfiltrometer also may be installed in a trench excavated in dryor stiff soils.1.3 Soils should be regarded
4、as natural occurring soils orprocessed materials or mixtures of natural soils and processedmaterials, or other porous materials, and which are basicallyinsoluble and are in accordance with requirements of 1.6.1.4 This test method is particularly applicable to relativelyuniform fine-grained soils, wi
5、th an absence of very plastic (fat)clays and gravel-size particles and with moderate to lowresistance to ring penetration.1.5 This test method may be conducted at the groundsurface or at given depths in pits, and on bare soil or withvegetation in place, depending on the conditions for whichinfiltrat
6、ion rates are desired. However, this test method cannotbe conducted where the test surface is below the groundwatertable or perched water table.1.6 This test method is difficult to use or the resultant datamay be unreliable, or both, in very pervious or impervious soils(soils with a hydraulic conduc
7、tivity greater than about 102cm/s or less than about 1 105cm/s) or in dry or stiff soils ifthese fracture when the rings are installed. For soils withhydraulic conductivity less than 1 105cm/s refer to TestMethod D5093.1.7 This test method cannot be used directly to determinethe hydraulic conductivi
8、ty (coefficient of permeability) of thesoil (see 5.2).1.8 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses aremathematical conversions, which are provided for informationpurposes only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard doe
9、s not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This internatio
10、nal standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Commit
11、tee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAugerBoringsD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2488 Practice for Description
12、and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedures)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for AgenciesEngaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock asUsed in Engineering Design and ConstructionD5093 Test Method for Field Measurement of InfiltrationRate Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with
13、 Sealed-InnerRing3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions of technical termsin this standard, refer to Terminology D653.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on HydrologicProperties and Hydr
14、aulic Barriers.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3385 09. DOI:10.1520/D3385-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis
16、international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT
17、) Committee.13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 incremental infiltration velocitythe quantity of flowper unit area over an increment of time. It has the same unitsas the infiltration rate.3.2.2 infiltrationthe downward entry of liquid into thesoil.3.2.3 infiltration ratethe rat
18、e, based on measured incre-mental infiltration velocities, at which liquid can enter the soilunder specified conditions. During infiltration, this rate maydecrease with time until reaching a quasi-steady value.3.2.4 infiltrometera device for measuring the rate of entryof liquid into a porous body, f
19、or example, water into soil.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The double-ring infiltrometer method consists of install-ing two open cylinders, one inside the other, into the ground,partially filling the rings with water or other liquid, and thenmaintaining the liquid at a constant level. The volume of li
20、quidadded to the inner ring, to maintain the liquid level constant isthe measure of the volume of liquid that infiltrates the soil. Thevolume infiltrated during timed intervals is converted to anincremental infiltration velocity by dividing by the area of theinner ring, usually expressed in centimet
21、er per hour (or inchper hour) and plotted versus elapsed time. The maximumsteady-state or average incremental infiltration velocity, de-pending on the purpose/application of the test is equivalent tothe infiltration rate.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is useful for field measurement of
22、theinfiltration rate of soils. Infiltration rates have application tosuch studies as liquid waste disposal, evaluation of potentialseptic-tank disposal fields, leaching and drainage efficiencies,irrigation requirements, water spreading and recharge, andcanal or reservoir leakage, among other applica
23、tions.5.2 Although the units of infiltration rate and hydraulicconductivity of soils are similar, there is a distinct differencebetween these two quantities. They cannot be directly relatedunless the hydraulic boundary conditions are known, such ashydraulic gradient and the extent of lateral flow of
24、 water, or canbe reliably estimated.5.3 The purpose of the outer ring is to promote one-dimensional, vertical flow beneath the inner ring.5.4 Many factors affect the infiltration rate, for example thesoil structure, soil layering, condition of the soil surface,degree of saturation of the soil, chemi
25、cal and physical nature ofthe soil and of the applied liquid, head of the applied liquid,temperature of the liquid, and diameter and depth of embed-ment of rings.3Thus, tests made at the same site are not likelyto give identical results and the rate measured by the testmethod described in this stand
26、ard is primarily for comparativeuse.5.5 Some aspects of the test, such as the length of time thetests should be conducted and the head of liquid to be applied,must depend upon the experience of the user, the purpose fortesting, and the kind of information that is sought.NOTE 1The quality of the resu
27、lt produced by this standard isdependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and thesuitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet thecriteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competentand objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of th
28、is standard arecautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assurereliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltrometer RingsCylinders approximately 500 mm(20 in.) high and havin
29、g diameters of about 300 and 600 mm(12 and 24 in.). Larger cylinders may be used but the ratio ofthe outer to inner cylinder diameters is about two times.Cylinders can be made of 3-mm (18-in.), hard-alloy, aluminumsheet or other material sufficiently strong to withstand harddriving, with the bottom
30、edge beveled (see Fig. 1). The bevelededges shall be kept sharp. Stainless steel or strong plastic ringsmay have to be used when working with corrosive fluids.6.2 Driving CapsDisks of 13-mm (12-in.) thick hard-alloyaluminum with centering pins around the edge, or preferablyhaving a recessed groove a
31、bout 5 mm (0.2 in.) deep with awidth about 1 mm (0.05 in.) wider than the thickness of thering. The diameters of the disks should be slightly larger thanthose of the infiltrometer rings.6.3 Driving EquipmentA 5.5-kg (12-lb) maul or sledgeand a 600 or 900-mm (2 or 3-ft) length of wood approximately50
32、 by 100 mm or 100 by 100 mm (2 by 4 in. or 4 by 4 in.), ora jack and reaction of suitable size.6.4 GroutAcommercial bentonite grout product and watermix having 30 % bentonite solids for filling the trenches andsealing the rings in place (see 8.5).6.5 Depth GaugeA hook gauge, steel tape or rule, orle
33、ngth of steel or plastic rod pointed on one end, for use inmeasuring and controlling the depth of liquid (head) in theinfiltrometer ring, when either a graduated Mariotte bottle orautomatic flow control system is not used.6.6 Splash GuardSeveral pieces of rubber sheet or burlap150 mm (6 in.) square.
34、 A large piece of cheese cloth foldeseveral times can also be used as a splash guard.6.7 Rule or TapeA steel tape having a length of at least 2m (6.5 ft) or a steel rule having a length of at least 300 mm (1ft).6.8 TampAny device that is basically rigid, has a handlenot less than 550 mm (22 in.) in
35、length, and has a tamping footwith an area ranging from 650 to 4000 mm2(1 to 6 in.2) anda maximum dimension of 150 mm (6 in.).6.9 ShovelsOne long-handled shovel and one trenchingspade; hand shovel or trowel (for excavating a trench).6.10 Liquid Containers:6.10.1 One barrel or other container having
36、a minimumvolume of 200 L(55 gal) for the main liquid supply, along with3Discussion of factors affecting infiltration rate is contained in the followingreference: Johnson, A. I., A Field Method for Measurement of Infiltration, U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1544-F, 1963, pp. 49.D3385 182a l
37、ength of rubber hose to siphon liquid from the barrel to fillthe calibrated head tanks (see 6.10.3).6.10.2 A pail or carboy having a minimum volume capacityof 13 L (12 qt) for initial filling of the infiltrometers.6.10.3 Two calibrated head tanks for measurement of liquidflow during the test.These m
38、ay be either graduated cylinders orMariotte bottles having a minimum volume capacity of 3 L(3.17 qt) (see Note 2 and Note 3 and Fig. 2). In higherpermeability soils, the Mariotte bottle used for the inner andouter rings may have a larger volume to avoid having to refillthe bottle during testing.NOTE
39、 2Constant-level float valves have been eliminated for simpli-fication of the illustration.NOTE 3It is useful to have one head tank with a capacity of threeFIG. 1 Infiltrometer ConstructionNOTE 1Constant-level float valves have been eliminated for simplification of the illustrationFIG. 2 Ring Instal
40、lation and Mariotte Bottle DetailsD3385 183times that of the other because the area of the annular space between therings is about three times that of the inner ring.NOTE 4In many cases, the volume capacity of these calibrated headtanks must be significantly larger than 3000 mL (3.17 qt), especially
41、 if thetest has to continue overnight. Capacities of about 50 L(13 gal) would notbe uncommon.6.11 Liquid SupplyWater, or preferably, liquid of the samequality and temperature as that involved in the problem beingexamined. The liquid used must be chemically compatible withthe infiltrometer rings and
42、other equipment used to contain theliquid.NOTE 5To obtain maximum infiltration rates, the liquid should be freefrom suspended solids and the temperature of the liquid should be higherthan the soil temperature. This will tend to avoid reduction of infiltrationfrom blockage of voids by particles or ga
43、ses coming out of solution.6.12 Watch or StopwatchUsed to measure the time duringinfiltration.6.13 LevelA carpenters level or bulls-eye (round) level.6.14 ThermometerWith resolution of 0.5C (1F) andcapable of measuring soil temperature at depth below theground surface.6.15 Rubber Hammer (mallet).6.1
44、6 pH Paper, in 0.5 increments.6.17 Recording MaterialsRecord books and graph paper,or special forms with graph section (see Fig. 3 for an exampleFIG. 3 Data Form for Infiltration Test with Sample DataD3385 184of a data form).6.18 Hand AugerOrchard-type (barrel-type) auger with75-mm (3-in.) diameter,
45、 225-mm (9-in.) long barrel and arubber-headed tire hammer for knocking sample out of theauger. This apparatus is optional.6.19 Float ValvesTwo constant level float valves (carbu-retors or bob-float types) with support stands. This apparatus isoptional.6.20 Covers and Dummy Tests Set-UpFor long-term
46、 testsin which evaporation of fluid from the infiltration rings andunsealed reservoirs can occur (see 8.2.1).7. Calibration7.1 Rings:7.1.1 Determine the area of each ring and the annular spacebetween rings before initial use and before reuse after anythinghas occurred, including repairs, which may a
47、ffect the testresults significantly.7.1.2 Determine the area to the nearest 10 mm2(0.15 in.2)orbetter. Measure the inside diameter (ID) of the outer ring atleast six equally-spaced locations around the ID of the ring.Measure both the inside diameter (ID) and the outside diameter(OD) of the inner rin
48、g at least at six equally-spaced locationsaround the ring.7.1.3 The area of the annular space between rings is equal tothe internal area of the 600-mm (24-in.) ring minus the externalarea of the 300-mm (12-in.) ring.7.2 Liquid ContainersFor each graduated cylinder orgraduated Mariotte bottle, establ
49、ish the relationship betweenthe change in elevation of liquid (fluid) level and change involume of fluid. This relationship shall have an overallaccuracy of1%.8. Procedure8.1 Test Site:8.1.1 Establish the soil strata to be tested from the soilprofile determined by the classification of soil samples from anadjacent auger hole.NOTE 6For the test results to be valid, the soil directly below the testzone must have equal or greater flow rates than the test zone.8.1.2 The test requires an area accessible for delivery of testequipment and su
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