1、Designation: D3410/D3410M 16Standard Test Method forCompressive Properties of Polymer Matrix CompositeMaterials with Unsupported Gage Section by ShearLoading1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3410/D3410M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of origin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of
3、 Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the in-plane compressiveproperties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced byhigh-modulus fibers. The composite material forms are limitedto continuous-fiber or discontinuous-fiber reinforced compos-ites for which the elastic properties are s
4、pecially orthotropicwith respect to the test direction. This test procedure introducesthe compressive force into the specimen through shear atwedge grip interfaces. This type of force transfer differs fromthe procedure in Test Method D695 where compressive force istransmitted into the specimen by en
5、d-loading, Test MethodD6641/D6641M where compressive force is transmitted bycombined shear and end loading, and Test Method D5467/D5467M where compressive force is transmitted by subjectinga honeycomb core sandwich beam with thin skins to four-pointbending.1.2 This test method is applicable to compo
6、sites made fromunidirectional tape, wet-tow placement, textile (for example,fabric), short fibers, or similar product forms. Some productforms may require deviations from the test method.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. Within the
7、 text theinch-pounds units are shown in brackets. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemmust be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.NOTE 1Additional procedures for determining c
8、ompressive propertiesof resin-matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D695, D5467/D5467M, and D6641/D6641M.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate s
9、afety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
10、D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced PlasticsD3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of CompositeMaterialsD3878 Terminology for Composite MaterialsD5229/D5229M Test Method for MoistureAb
11、sorption Prop-erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer MatrixComposite MaterialsD5379/D5379M Test Method for Shear Properties of Com-posite Materials by the V-Notched Beam MethodD5467/D5467M Test Method for Compressive Properties ofUnidirectional Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Us-ing a San
12、dwich BeamD6641/D6641M Test Method for Compressive Properties ofPolymer Matrix Composite Materials Using a CombinedLoading Compression (CLC) Test FixtureE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE83 Practice for Verification and Cl
13、assification of Exten-someter SystemsE111 Test Method for Youngs Modulus, Tangent Modulus,and Chord ModulusE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 onComposite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommi
14、ttee D30.04 onLamina and Laminate Test Methods.Current edition approved March 15, 2016. Published March 2016. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3410/D3410M 03(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D3410_D3410M-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org
15、, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Specified Preci
16、sion, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE132 Test Method for Poissons Ratio at Room TemperatureE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE456 Terminology Relat
17、ing to Quality and StatisticsE1237 Guide for Installing Bonded Resistance Strain GagesE1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases (With-drawn 2015)3E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials in Database
18、s (Withdrawn2015)3E1471 Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and CoreMaterials in Computerized Material Property Databases(Withdrawn 2015)32.2 ASTM Adjunct:Compression Fixture D3410 Method B42.3 ANSI Documents:5ANSI Y14.5M-1982ANSI/ASME B46.1-19853. Terminology3.1 Terminology D3878 defines t
19、erms relating to high-modulus fibers and their composites. Terminology D883 de-fines terms relating to plastics. Terminology E6 defines termsrelating to mechanical testing. Terminology E456 and PracticeE177 define terms relating to statistics. In the event of aconflict between terms, Terminology D38
20、78 shall have prece-dence over the other Terminology standards.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 nominal value, na value, existing in name only,assigned to a measurable property for the purpose of conve-nient designation. Tolerances may be applied to a nominalvalue to define a
21、n acceptable range for the property.3.2.2 orthotropic material, na material with a property ofinterest that, at a given point, possesses three mutually perpen-dicular planes of symmetry defining the principal materialcoordinate system for that property.3.2.3 principal material coordinate system, na
22、coordinatesystem with axes that are normal to the planes of symmetry thatexist within the material.3.2.4 reference coordinate system, na coordinate systemfor laminated composites used to define ply orientations. Oneof the reference coordinate system axes (normally the Carte-sian x-axis) is designate
23、d the reference axis, assigned aposition, and the ply principal axis of each ply in the laminateis referenced relative to the reference axis to define the plyorientation for that ply.3.2.5 specially orthotropic, adja description of an ortho-tropic material as viewed in its principal material coordin
24、atesystem. In laminated composites, a specially orthotropic lami-nate is a balanced and symmetric laminate of the 0i/90jnsfamily as viewed from the reference coordinate system, suchthat the membrane-bending coupling terms of the stress-strainrelation are zero.3.2.6 transition strain, etransition,nth
25、e strain value at themid-range of the transition region between the two essentiallylinear portions of a bilinear stress-strain or strain-strain curve(a transverse strain-longitudinal strain curve as used for deter-mining Poissons ratio).3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Across-sectional area of specimen.3.3.2 Byper
26、cent bending in specimen.3.3.3 CVsample coefficient of variation, in percent.3.3.4 Emodulus of elasticity in the test direction.3.3.5 Fcuultimate compressive stress (compressivestrength).3.3.6 Gxzthrough-thickness shear modulus of elasticity.3.3.7 hspecimen thickness.3.3.8 i, j, nas used in a layup
27、code, the number of repeatsfor a ply or group of plies of a material.3.3.9 lgspecimen gage length.3.3.10 nnumber of specimens.3.3.11 Pforce applied to test specimen.3.3.12 Pfforce applied to test specimen at failure.3.3.13 Pmaxmaximum force before failure.3.3.14 sas used in a layup code, denotes tha
28、t the precedingply description for the laminate is repeated symetrically aboutits midplane.3.3.15 sn1sample standard deviation.3.3.16 wspecimen width.3.3.17 ximeasured or derived property.3.3.18 xsample mean (average).3.3.19 indicated normal strain from strain transducer.3.3.20 ccompressive Poissons
29、 ratio.3.3.21 ccompressive normal stress.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A flat strip of material having a constant rectangularcross section, as shown in the specimen drawings of Figs. 1-4,is loaded in compression by a shear force acting along thegrips. The shear force is applied via wedge grips in asp
30、ecially-designed fixture shown in Figs. 5-7. The influence ofthis wedge grip design on fixture characteristics is discussed in6.1.4.2 To obtain compression test results, the specimen isinserted into the test fixture which is placed between theplatens of the testing machine and loaded in compression.
31、 The3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4A blueprint of the detailed drawing for the construction of the fixture shown inFig. 4 is available at a nominal cost from ASTM International Headquarters, 100Barr Harbor Dr., PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
32、194282959. OrderAdjunct ADJD3410.5Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D3410/D3410M 162ultimate compressive stress of the material, as obtained withthis test fixture and specimen, can be obtained from themaximum
33、 force carried before failure. Strain is monitored withstrain or displacement transducers so the stress-strain responseof the material can be determined, from which the ultimatecompressive strain, the compressive modulus of elasticity,Poissons ratio in compression, and transition strain can bederive
34、d.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressiveproperty data for material specifications, research anddevelopment, quality assurance, and structural design andanalysis. Factors that influence the compressive response andshould therefore be reported include the follow
35、ing: material,methods of material preparation and layup, specimen stackingsequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, envi-ronment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, speed oftesting, time at temperature, void content, and volume percentreinforcement. Properties, in the test dire
36、ction, that may beobtained from this test method include:5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity,5.1.4 Poissons ratio in compression, and5.1.5 Transition strain.6. Interferences6.1 Test Fixture CharacteristicsThi
37、s test method transmitsforce to the specimen via tapered rectangular wedge grips. Therectangular wedge grip design is used to eliminate the wedgeseating problems induced by the conical wedges of theso-called Celanese compression test fixture previously utilizedin this test method (1).6Earlier versio
38、ns of this test methodcontaining full details of the Celanese test method, includingTest Method D3410/D3410M-95, are available.5Another fix-ture characteristic that can have a significant effect on testresults is the surface finish of the mating surfaces of the wedgegrip assembly. Since these surfac
39、es undergo sliding contactthey must be polished, lubricated, and nick-free (11.5.1).NOTE 2An acceptable level of polish for the surface finish of wedgegrip mating surfaces has been found to be one that ranges from 2 to 12micro in. rms with a mean finish of 7 micro in. rms.6.1.1 The specimen gripping
40、 faces of the wedge grips aretypically roughened in some manner, as required for theparticular application. Examples include serrated (7 to 8serrations/cm) or thermal-sprayed tungsten carbide particle(100 grit) grip faces (see also 8.3.3).6Boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of referen
41、ces at the end of thistest method.Notes:1. Drawing interpretation per ANSI Y14.5M-1982 and ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985.2. See Section 8 and Table 2 and Table 3 of the test standard for values of required or recommended width, thickness, gage length, tab length and overall length.3. See test standard for va
42、lues of material, ply orientation, use of tabs, tab material, tab angle, and tab adhesive.4. Ply orientation tolerance relative to -A- 60.5.FIG. 1 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (SI with Tabs)D3410/D3410M 1636.2 Test Method SensitivityCompression strength for asingle material system has been sho
43、wn to differ when deter-mined by different test methods. Such differences can beattributed to specimen alignment effects, specimen geometryeffects, and fixture effects even though efforts have been madeto minimize these effects. Examples of differences in testresults between various test methods can
44、 be found in Refs(1,2).6.3 Material and Specimen PreparationCompressionmodulus, and especially ultimate compressive stress, are sen-sitive to poor material fabrication practices, damage inducedby improper specimen machining, and lack of control of fiberalignment. Fiber alignment relative to the spec
45、imen coordinateaxis should be maintained as carefully as possible, although nostandard procedure to ensure this alignment exists. Proceduresfound satisfactory include the following: fracturing a curedFIG. 2 Compression Test Specimen Drawing, (SI without Tabs)D3410/D3410M 164unidirectional laminate n
46、ear one edge parallel to the fiberdirection to establish the 0 direction, or laying in smallfilament count tows of contrasting color fiber (aramid in carbonlaminates and carbon in aramid or glass laminates) parallel tothe 0 direction either as part of the prepreg production or aspart of panel fabric
47、ation.6.4 Tabbing and TolerancesThe data resulting from thistest method has been shown to be sensitive to the flatness andparallelism of the tabs, so care should be taken to ensure thatthe specimen tolerance requirements are met. This usuallyrequires precision grinding of the tab surfaces after bond
48、ingthem to the specimen.6.5 Thickness and Gage Length SelectionThe gage sec-tion for this test method is unsupported, resulting in a tradeoffin the selection of specimen gage length and the specimenthickness. The gage length must be short enough to be freefrom Euler (column) buckling, yet long enoug
49、h to allow stressdecay to uniaxial compression and to minimize Poisson re-straint effects as a result of the grips. Minimum thicknessrequirements are provided in 8.2.3.6.6 GrippingA high percentage of grip-induced failures,especially when combined with high material data scatter, is anindicator of specimen gripping problems.6.7 System AlignmentExcessive bending will cause pre-mature failure, as well as highly inaccurate modulus ofelasticity determination. Every effort should be made to elimi-nate bending from the test system
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