1、Designation: D3415 98 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Practice forIdentification of Waterborne Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3415; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers the broad concepts of sampling andanalyzing waterborne oils for identification and comparisonwith suspected source
3、 oils. Detailed procedures are referencedin this practice. A general approach is given to aid theinvestigator in planning a program to solve the problem ofchemical characterization and to determine the source of awaterborne oil sample.1.2 This practice is applicable to all waterborne oils takenfrom
4、water bodies, either natural or man-made, such as openoceans, estuaries or bays, lakes, rivers, smaller streams, canals;or from beaches, marshes, or banks lining or edging thesewater systems. Generally, the waterborne oils float on thesurface of the waters or collect on the land surfaces adjoiningth
5、e waters, but occasionally these oils, or portions, are emul-sified or dissolved in the waters, or are incorporated into thesediments underlying the waters, or into the organisms livingin the water or sediments.1.3 This practice as presently written proposes the use ofspecific analytical techniques
6、described in the referencedASTM standards. As additional techniques for characterizingwaterborne oils are developed and written up as test methods,this practice will be revised.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
7、of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD3325 Practice for Preservation of Waterborne Oil SamplesD3326 Practice
8、 for Preparation of Samples for Identifica-tion of Waterborne OilsD3328 Test Methods for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Gas ChromatographyD3414 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by Infrared SpectroscopyD3650 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils
9、 By Fluorescence AnalysisD4489 Practices for Sampling of Waterborne OilsD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5037 Test Method for Comparison of Waterborne Petro-leum Oils by High Performance Liquid Chromatography3D5739 Practice for Oil Spill Source Identification by GasChromatography a
10、nd Positive Ion Electron Impact LowResolution Mass SpectrometryE620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Tech-nical Experts3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 waterborne oilany oil, whether or not derived frompetroleum, carried by a water system (for example, ocean, bay,lake, river, etc.
11、) usually at the surface but occasionally emul-sified or dissolved in the water. The waterborne oil can also befound on beaches or banks edging the water body, in thesediments underlying the water, or in the organisms living inthe water or in the sediments.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in
12、this practice, referto Terminology D1129, and to Practices D3325, D3326,D4489, and D5739, and Test Methods D3328, D3650, andD5037.4. Significance and Use4.1 Oil from one crude oil field is readily distinguishablefrom another, and differences in the makeup of oils from thesame crude oil field can oft
13、en be observed as well. Refined oilsare fractions from crude oil stocks, usually derived fromdistillation processes. Two refined oils of the same type differbecause of dissimilarities in the characteristics of their crudeoil feed stocks as well as variations in refinery processes andany subsequent c
14、ontact with other oils mixed in during transferoperations from residues in tanks, ships, pipes, hoses, and soforth. Thus, all petroleum oils, to some extent, have chemicalcompositions different from each other.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water andis the direct r
15、esponsibility of Subcommittee D19.06 on Methods for Analysis forOrganic Substances in Water.Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D3415 98 (2004).DOI: 10.1520/D3415-98R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit
16、the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1*A
17、Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Identification of a recovered oil is determined by com-parison with known oils selected because of their possiblerelati
18、onship to the particular recovered oil, for example,suspected sources. Thus, samples of such known oils must becollected and submitted along with the unknown for analysis.Identification of the source of an unknown oil by itself cannotbe made without comparison to a known oil. The principles ofoil sp
19、ill identification are discussed in Ref (1).4.3 Many similarities (within uncertainties of sampling,analysis and weathering) will be needed to establish theidentity beyond a reasonable doubt. The analyses describedwill distinguish many, but not all samples. Examples ofweathering of various classes o
20、f oils are included in Ref (2).4.4 This practice is a guide to the use ofASTM test methodsfor the analysis of oil samples for oil spill identificationpurposes. The evaluation of results from analytical methodsand preparation of an Oil Spill Identification Report arediscussed in this practice. Other
21、analytical methods are de-scribed in Ref (3).4.5 Aquality assurance program for oil spill identification isspecified.5. Plan for Identification of Waterborne Oils5.1 SamplingCollect a representative sample of oil ac-cording to Practice D4489, D4840. Because of the wide varietyof oils carried and use
22、d by shipping and because of thepossibility of pollution also arising from industrial activity,samples of suspected source oils must be collected at this timeso that comparisons can be made between the waterborne oil inquestion and the suspected source oils. Chain of Custodyprocedures, such as Pract
23、ice D4840, should be followed.5.2 Preservation of SampleProtect the waterborne oil, aswell as the suspected source oils, against possible contamina-tion or microbial degradation, or both, by proper preservationmethods as described in Practice D3325.5.3 Preparation of SamplePrepare the waterborne oil
24、, aswell as the quality control sample (described in 5.4) and anysuspected source oils, as described in Practice D3326.5.4 Quality Assurance Procedures:5.4.1 In addition to procedures specified within each testmethod to monitor instrument performance, a quality controlsample is analyzed with samples
25、 for each spill case. Thismonitors both sample preparation and instrument performance.5.4.2 Remove an aliquot of one of the samples for each caseprior to sample preparation and treat it as a separate sample.This QC sample should be taken from a spill sample if there issufficient sample volume to do
26、so. Otherwise, a suspectedsource sample may be used.5.4.3 Evaluate the data for the QC sample and its duplicatealiquot according to the guidelines described for each TestMethod (refer to 5.5). If the data do not meet the criteria for amatch, investigate the problem. If there is a problem with oneins
27、trument, the analysis must be repeated for that test methodafter the problem is corrected. If there is a sample preparationproblem, the analysis should be repeated after the problem isidentified.5.5 Analysis of Samples:5.5.1 Analyze spill samples as well as any suspected sourceoils, by gas chromatog
28、raphy (Test Method A or B of TestMethods D3328, D3414) and by either infrared analysis (TestMethod D3414, D3650), or fluorescence spectroscopy (TestMethod D3650, D4489). Interpretation of the gas chromato-grams and infrared or fluorescence spectra of the waterborneoil and the suspected source oils s
29、hould provide information asto whether the waterborne oil is from a petroleum source,whether its carbon-number range is similar to distillate, re-sidual, or crude oil, and whether it resembles any of thepossible suspected source oils. If the waterborne oil is weath-ered, it may not be possible to de
30、termine if it is a crude oil ora residual oil by gas chromatography. Odor and physicalappearance may help to determine if the waterborne oil isactually from a petroleum source. Distillation is not required.5.5.2 For final identification with a possible source, thesamples shall be analyzed by another
31、 method in addition toTest Method D3328. Test Method D3650 or Test MethodD3414, if there is sufficient sample to do so, may be used forsimple cases without significant weathering. If weathering issignificant, analysis should include Practice D5739.6. Evaluation of Analytical Data6.1 Data interpretat
32、ion in oil spill source identification is notstraight forward. It is fundamentally different from that ofquantitative chemical analyses, in that it involves a qualitativecomparison of “fingerprints.” The primary difference arisesbecause of a complication brought about by the chemicalalteration of a
33、spilled oil. From the moment oil enters theenvironment, evaporation, dissolution, photochemical oxida-tion, biodegradation, and other processes begin to alter the oilscharacteristics or “fingerprint.” The combined effects of theseprocesses are termed weathering and can significantly compli-cate data
34、 interpretation. The experienced oil spill analyst isfamiliar with the complexities of the weathering processes andtheir impact on the test methods, and is able to distinguish realdifferences between two oils from those apparent differencesresulting from weathering alterations. Contamination of thes
35、pilled oil with other oils or chemical substances is anotherfactor which may have to be considered. Interference fromcontaminants can usually be recognized as such and discountedwhen weighing the test results. However, at times, severeweathering or contamination, or both, can mask most of theinheren
36、t similarities between oils. In such cases, comparison oftest results may be inconclusive. For such cases, biomarkeranalysis by GC/MS (Practice D5739) is imperative and maygive conclusive results when other methods do not.6.2 For each standard method, results are specified asMatch, Probable Match, I
37、ndeterminate and Non-Match. Thesecategories represent standardized degrees of differences be-tween the analyses of two oils. They are not intended, bythemselves, to make a statement about the origin of the oil. Theanalyst interprets the results of all the tests in the light ofexperience and the exis
38、ting body of knowledge about oilanalysis, and draws conclusions about whether or not certainsamples came from the same source. For example, evaporativeweathering may affect the comparison of fluorescence orinfrared fingerprints more severely than the gas chromato-grams. The overall conclusion should
39、 be consistent with thecombined results.D3415 98 (2011)27. Reporting Results7.1 The results and overall conclusions should be reportedfor the combined results of the test method used. An acceptedformat similar to Practice E620 may be used. Copies of theoriginal data and the conditions for each test
40、method should beappended to the report.8. Keywords8.1 oil analysis; oil identification; spilled oils; waterborneoils; weatheringREFERENCES(1) Bentz, A. P., “Oil Spill Identification,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 48,1976, pp 454A to 472A.(2) Oil Spill Identification System, U.S. Coast Guard, CG-D-52-77
41、,ADA044750, NTIS, Springfield, VA, June 1977.(3) Butt, J.A., ed., Characterization of Spilled Oil Samples, published onbehalf of The Institute of Petroleum, London, John Wiley and Sons,New York, NY, 1986.SUMMARY OF CHANGESThis section identifies the location of selected changes to this practice that
42、 have been incorporated since thelast issue. For the convenience of the user, Committee D19 has highlighted those changes that may impact theuse of this practice. This section may also include descriptions of the changes or reasons for the changes, or both.(1) The changes in this revision provide an
43、 overview of theprinciples of oil spill identification, reference existing standardmethods for oil spill identification, and indicate options for useof the standard methods.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentione
44、din this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and
45、must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of
46、theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
47、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D3415 98 (2011)3
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