1、Designation: D 3424 01Standard Test Methods forEvaluating the Relative Lightfastness and Weatherability ofPrinted Matter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the determination of therelative lightfastness and weatherability of printed matte
3、r underthe following seven conditions, of which two involve exposureto natural daylight and five involve accelerated procedures inthe laboratory:1.1.1 Test Method 1Daylight behind window glass,1.1.2 Test Method 2Outdoor weathering,1.1.3 Test Method 3Xenon-arc apparatus with windowglass filters to si
4、mulate daylight behind window glass,1.1.4 Test Method 4Xenon-arc apparatus with water sprayand daylight filters to simulate outdoor weathering,1.1.5 Test Method 5Enclosed carbon-arc apparatus with-out water spray,1.1.6 Test Method 6Enclosed carbon-arc apparatus withwater spray, and1.1.7 Test Method
5、7Fluorescent lamp apparatus to simu-late indoor fluorescent lighting in combination with window-filtered daylight.1.2 These test methods require that a suitable print or othercontrol (reference standard) be run along with the test sample.Color changes due to conditions of exposure may be evaluatedby
6、 visual examination or instrumental measurement.1.3 These test methods are applicable to prints on any flatsubstrate including paper, paperboard, metallic foil, metalplate, and plastic film, and are produced by any printingprocess including letterpress, offset lithography, flexography,gravure, and s
7、ilk screen.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For
8、 specific hazardstatements, see Section 8.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and ColorDifferences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials2D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differencesfrom Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates2D 26
9、16 Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Differ-ences with a Gray Scale2D 4302 Specification for Artists Oils, Resin Oil, and AlkydPaints3D 4674 Test Method for Accelerated Testing for ColorStability of Plastics Exposed to Indoor Fluorescent Light-ing and Window-Filtered Daylight4D 5067 Specifi
10、cation for Artists Watercolor Paints3D 5098 Specification for Artists Acrylic Emulsion Paints3E 284 Terminology of Appearance2E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of FluorescentSpecimens2E 1331 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry2E 1347 Test
11、Method for Color and Color Difference Mea-surements by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry2E 1349 Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color bySpectrophotometry Using Bidirectional Geometry2G 7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental ExposureTesting of Nonmetallic Materials5G 23 Practice for Operating
12、 Light-Exposure Apparatus(Carbon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposureof Nonmetallic Materials5G 24 Practice for Conducting Exposures to Daylight Fil-tered Through Glass5G 26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposureof Nonmetallic Mat
13、erials5G 113 Terminology Relating to Natural and ArtificialWeathering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials5G 151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials in Ac-celerated Test Devices That Use Laboratory LightSources5G 153 Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc LightApparatus for Exposure of Nonmeta
14、llic Materials5G 155 Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatusfor Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials51These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 onPaint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the directresponsibility of Subcommittee D01.56 on Printin
15、g Inks.Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originallypublished as D 3424 75. Last previous edition D 3424 98.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14
16、.04.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.2 ANSI Standard:PH 2.30 for Graphic Arts and PhotographyColor Prints,Transparencies and Photomechanical Reproductions,Viewing Conditions63. Terminology3.1 Definitions relating to weathering tests are covere
17、d inTerminology G 113. Definitions relating to color attributes andcolor differences are covered in Practice D 1729 and TestMethod D 2244. Other appearance terms used in these testmethods are defined in Terminology E 284.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 radiant exposure, H, ntime integral of the irradianceat a
18、 given point over a specified time interval.3.2.2 DiscussionRadiant exposure is usually a spectralquantity, with units of joules per square metre per unitwavelength J/m2nm. The wavelength region to be coveredshould be specified.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 ultraviolet rad
19、iant exposurean integration with re-spect to time of the ultraviolet irradiance on the exposed faceof the specimen. UV irradiance (wavelengths below 400 nm) isbelieved largely responsible for degradation of organic mate-rials. Units are J/m2.4. Summary of Test Methods4.1 Printed specimens of the tes
20、t and control are simulta-neously exposed under conditions appropriate to the end-useapplication, or as agreed upon between the producer and theuser.4.2 The color changes of the exposed prints are periodicallyevaluated visually or instrumentally versus either an exposedcontrol or an unexposed file s
21、pecimen.4.3 The endpoint is reached when it is established that thetest print is equal to, better than, or worse than the control.5. Significance and Use5.1 Lightfastness or weatherability for specified periods oftime is pertinent for certain types of printed matter such asmagazine and book covers,
22、posters and billboards, greetingcards and packages. Since the ability of printed matter towithstand color changes is a function of the spectral-powerdistribution of the light source to which it is exposed, it isimportant that lightfastness be assessed under conditions ap-propriate to the end-use app
23、lication.5.2 The accelerated procedures covered in these test meth-ods provide means for the rapid evaluation of lightfastness orweatherability under laboratory conditions. Test results areuseful for specification acceptance between producer and userand for quality control.5.2.1 The xenon-arc lamp w
24、ith an appropriate filter systemexhibits a spectral-power distribution that corresponds moreclosely to that of daylight than the carbon-arc. In turn,accelerated tests using xenon-arc apparatus may be expected tocorrelate better with exposure to natural daylight than do thoseusing carbon-arc apparatu
25、s.5.2.2 Exploratory studies demonstrated that the fluorescent-lamp apparatus ranked a series of 16 printed specimens innearly the same order as did fluorescent lighting prevailing incooperating laboratories.5.3 To accommodate variations in light intensity amongdays, seasons, locations, or instrument
26、s, duration of exposure ispreferably expressed as the cumulative ultraviolet radiantexposure rather than time. In either case, the inclusion of anappropriate control serves to minimize effects of variations intest conditions.5.4 Color changes are not a linear function of duration ofexposure. The pre
27、ferred method of determining lightfastness orweatherability is to expose the prints for a number of intervalsand to assess the radiant exposure required to obtain a specifiedcolor difference.5.5 For a given printing ink, lightfastness and weatherabilityor both depend on the type of substrate, the fi
28、lm thickness onthe print, and the area printed (solid versus screen). Therefore,it is important that the nature of the test and control specimenscorrespond to that expected under actual use conditions.NOTE 1Specifications D 4302, D 5067, and D 5098 provide usefulguides to the lightfastness of pigmen
29、ts in several types of artists paintsafter 1260 MJ/m2total radiant exposure (equivalent to about 2 or 3months exposure to daylight behind glass). However, because of majordifferences between printing inks and artists colors, especially in appliedfilm thickness, it cannot be assumed that the lightfas
30、tness categories ofprinted ink films containing these pigments will be comparable to thoseindicated in the three specifications.6. Apparatus6.1 Exposure Apparatus:6.1.1 Test Method 1 Daylight Behind Window GlassOutdoor exposure cabinet conforming to Method A of PracticeG 24. The cabinet is covered w
31、ith window glass that transmitstypically less than 3.5 % at wavelengths shorter than 310 nm.Accessories include a mutually agreeable radiometer7(forexample, 295 to 385 nm), and humidity and temperaturerecorders.6.1.2 Test Method 2 Outdoor WeatheringOutdoor expo-sure rack conforming to Practice G 7.
32、Accessories are the sameas in 6.1.1 with the addition of a wetness meter and rain gage.NOTE 2All equipment must be calibrated in accordance with themanufacturers instructions.6.1.3 Test Method 3 Xenon-Arc with Window GlassFiltersXenon-arc apparatus equipped with a window glassfilter system to simula
33、te natural daylight filtered throughwindow glass as specified in the Apparatus sections of Prac-tices G 151 and G 155.6.1.4 Test Method 4 Xenon-arc with Daylight Filters andWater SprayXenon-arc apparatus equipped with a daylightfilter system and water spray to simulate outdoor weathering asspecified
34、 in the Apparatus sections of Practices G 151 andG 155.6.1.5 Test Methods 5 and 6 Enclosed Carbon-Arc6Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.7The most popular radiometer in the United States monitors in the wavelengthrange 295 to 385 nm,
35、which accounts for about 80 % of the solar UV irradiancebetween 300 and 400 nm. A radiometer that measures a narrow spectral band mayalso be used.D 34242Enclosed carbon-arc apparatus conforming to the Apparatussections of Practices G 151 and G 153.NOTE 3Previous versions of these test methods refere
36、nced PracticeG 23 for enclosed carbon-arc devices and Practice G 26 for xenon-arcdevices; both practices describe very specific equipment designs. In thecurrent version of these test methods, these practices have been replacedby Practice G 151, which gives performance criteria for all exposuredevice
37、s that use laboratory light sources, and by Practices G 153 andG 155, which give requirements for exposure in enclosed carbon-arc andxenon-arc devices, respectively.6.1.6 Test Method 7 Fluorescent-Lamp ApparatusExposure cabinet conforming to Test Method D 4674. Thecabinet is constructed of UV reflec
38、tive aluminum with a clearchromatic conversion coating, and the light source is a com-bination of very high-output cool white fluorescent lamps andsoda lime glass-filtered fluorescent UV sunlamps. Accessoriesinclude a broad-band detector (250 to 400 nm) and a tempera-ture sensing device.6.2 Apparatu
39、s for Print Evaluation:6.2.1 Standard Daylight, (for visual evaluation), preferablya D50 light source conforming to ANSI Standard PH 2.30.6.2.2 Gray Scale Chart and Masks, (optional, for visualevaluation) conforming to Test Method D 2616.6.2.3 Color Measuring Instrument, (for instrumental evalu-atio
40、n), such as a spectrophotometer conforming to Test MethodE 1331 or E 1349, or a tristimulus colorimeter conforming toTest Method E 1347, or, if the specimens are fluorescent, toPractice E 991.7. Materials7.1 Control (Reference Standard), preferably a printedspecimen of known lightfastness or weather
41、ability; alterna-tively, AATCC Blue Wool Lightfastness Standards in accor-dance with Practice G 151.7.2 Mounting Material, such as light-weight card stock, onwhich to mount non-rigid specimens (paper, plastic, or foil)during exposure tests.7.3 Masking Material, (optional), such as white card stock,a
42、luminum foil, or other opaque material with a non-UV-reflecting surface.7.4 Unprinted Stock, (optional), identical to that used for theprinted specimens.7.5 Backing Material, (for use during instrument measure-ments on nonopaque specimens), such as several sheets of theunprinted stock, a standard wh
43、ite (card) stock, or a sparecalibration standard.8. Hazards8.1 Precaution: Never look directly at sunlight or theoperating light source of an accelerated apparatus unlesswearing UV protective eyewear.8.2 Newer accelerated apparatus are equipped with safetyswitches that turn the lamps off prior to ga
44、ining access. Usersof very old carbon-arc apparatus must be certain to turn theswitch off before opening the test chamber door.8.3 Users of carbon-arc apparatus are cautioned that burningcarbon rods become very hot. After the device is turned off,wait at least 15 min for the arcs to cool, and wear c
45、anvas orother protective work gloves when changing the rods. Avoidinhaling ash dust.9. Test Specimens9.1 These test methods do not cover preparation of printedspecimens. The test print should match the control print incolor, substrate, print area, and ink film thickness.9.2 It may be useful to inclu
46、de the unprinted substrate and avehicle print in exposure tests so as to determine the contribu-tion of paper or vehicle yellowing to color changes.9.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon, at least two specimensare to be exposed at each set of test conditions. The testspecimens shall be of uniform color, g
47、loss, and texture; cleanand free of fingerprints.9.3.1 Warning: When handling test specimens, be carefulnot to contaminate the surface by touching with fingers.9.4 For visual evaluation, the specimen size indicated inPractice D 1729 is a minimum of 90 by 165 mm. Forinstrumental evaluation, the speci
48、men must be large enough tocover the specimen port; a minimum size of 35 mm2issatisfactory for many instruments. In the case of samplesintended for xenon-lamp or carbon-arc exposure, the speci-mens should be of sufficient dimensions to be accommodatedin the specimen holders.9.5 Prepare file specimen
49、s (unexposed controls) in thefollowing manner:(1) For visually evaluated tests, set aside a replicate print orcut off a segment of suitable size; store in a dark dry place.(2) For instrumentally evaluated tests, make color measure-ments on the relevant specimen area(s) prior to exposure; see11.3.1 and 11.3.2.NOTE 4The file specimen should not be a masked specimen. Eventhough shielded from radiation, some materials may undergo colorchanges due to the heat or moisture present during the test.9.6 Mount nonrigid specimens onto cardstock. If masking isspecifie
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