1、Designation: D3450 15Standard Test Method forWashability Properties of Interior Architectural Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3450; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination
3、 of the relativeease of removing soilant discolorations from the dried film ofan interior coating by washing with either an abrasive ornonabrasive cleaner.1.2 This test method is limited to coatings having a CIE-Yreflectance of 60 % or more, as measured in accordance withTest Method E1347.1.3 The va
4、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate
5、safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D562 Test Method for Consistency of Paints MeasuringKrebs Unit (KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscom-eterD1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1210 Test
6、 Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-Vehicle Systems by Hegman-Type GageE70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With theGlass ElectrodeE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard
7、:3.1.1 soilant, na discoloring substance that clings to thesurface of a coating, whose dispersed color component is not insolution and therefore does not penetrate into the film.3.1.1.1 Discussionsoilant differs from stain in that thecolorant of a stain is in solution and, therefore, can penetratein
8、to the film.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test material is applied to a black plastic panel andallowed to dry for 7 days. The reflectance of the film ismeasured (R1) and then a soilant consisting of carbon blackdispersed in mineral oil is applied on the film. The panel isplaced on a glass plate i
9、n a washability machine and the film iswashed with either an abrasive or nonabrasive scrub mediumfor 100 cycles.The panel is rinsed and dried and the reflectancein the stained area is read (R2). The ratio of the reflectance,R2/R1, is a measure of the degree to which the soilant has beenremoved.5. Si
10、gnificance and Use5.1 Interior architectural paints are often discolored by dirtand other soilant materials. This test method covers the relativeease and completeness of removal of a specific soilant fromsuch a surface by scrubbing. The greater the ease of soilremoval with a minimum of film erosion,
11、 the greater the usefulservice life is expected to be.5.2 Results obtained by this test method do not necessarilycorrelate with all types of soilants.5.3 Semigloss finishes generally require only the nonabra-sive type cleaner for good soilant removal, whereas flat paintsmay require the abrasive type
12、.6. Apparatus6.1 Washability Tester,3also referred to as a straight linewashability machine.6.1.1 Accessory Apparatus:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.42 on A
13、rchitectural Coatings.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D3450 00 (2010)1.DOI: 10.1520/D3450-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Model AG 8100 (replaced by BYK-Gardner model 5060) from BYK-Gardner,Inc., Gardner Laboratory, 9104 Guilford Road, Columbia, MD 21046 and Model“D” from Paul N. Gardner Co
15、., Inc., 316 N. E. First St., Pompano Beach, FL 33060were used originally in this test method. See RR:D01-1065. Straight-line washabil-ity testers may be adapted to meet the requirements of this method.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
16、. United States16.1.1.1 Glass Plate, measured to fit, 454 by 165 by 6.3 mm(1778 by 612 by14 in.).6.1.1.2 Stainless Steel Pan.6.1.1.3 “C” Clamps.6.1.1.4 Scale, standard.6.1.1.5 White Blotter.6.1.1.6 Holder, brass, measuring 95 by 76 by 25.4 mm (334by 3 by 1 in.).6.2 U-Shaped Film Caster,4having both
17、a 0.18-mm (7-mil)clearance by 132 mm width and a 0.25-mm (10-mil) clearanceby 138 mm width.6.3 Film Applicator, 76 mm (3 in.) width with 76-m(3-mil) clearance.6.4 Suction Plate for drawdowns (large size).6.5 45, 0 Reflectometer, with green filter, as specified inTest Method E1347.6.6 Balance, with 0
18、.1-g scale graduation.6.7 Fineness of Dispersion Gage, as specified in TestMethod D1210.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee
19、on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.5Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless oth
20、erwise indicated, referenceto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Type IV of Specification D1193.7.3 Black Plastic Panels.67.4 Sponge.7,87.5 Masking Tape.7.6 Soilant Medium,9,8consisting of the following:gramsMineral oil, USP heavy 60Odorless mineral spirits 32Carbon black10
21、,881007.6.1 Mix components and disperse to a Hegman fineness of7 (0.5 mils or 13 m) or when measured in accordance withTest Method D1210.7.7 Scrub Media (Note 1).7.7.1 Nonabrasive Medium9,8consisting of the following:gramsWater 89.7AHydroxyethyl cellulose112.0Detergent12,84.0Trisodium phosphate, anh
22、ydrous 4.0Acetic acid glacial 0.3BPreservative13,80.03100.0AVary to achieve a final consistency of 165 to 220 g (75 to 85 Krebs Units) with aStormer Viscometer in accordance with Test Method D562.BVary to achieve a final pH from 9.5 to 10.0 in accordance with Test Method E70.7.7.2 Abrasive Medium,9,
23、8consisting of the following:gramsWater 49.5AHydroxyethyl cellulose110.8Ammonium hydroxide 28 % -Detergent12,82.0Trisodium phosphate, anhydrous 2.0Silica14,845.0Acetic acid, glacial 0.7BPreservative13,80.03100.0AVary to achieve a final consistency of 475 to 600 g (110 to 120 Krebs Units) withthe Sto
24、rmer Viscometer in accordance with Test Method D562.BVary to achieve a final pH of 9.5 to 10.0 in accordance with Test Method E70.7.8 Slowly add the hydroxethyl cellulose to the water whilestirring mechanically. Stir until uniform and then slowly add 2to 3 drops of 28 % ammonium hydroxide solution w
25、hilemixing and continue mixing until the solution turns clear. Inthe order shown, add the other ingredients separately, stirringcontinuously. Be sure each item is uniformly dispersed beforeadding the next one. Add the silica slowly to ensure uniformdispersion. Finally, add the preservative and adjus
26、t the pH withglacial acetic acid.NOTE 1When a referee test is made, prepare fresh medium or usestandardized scrub medium7from a previously unopened container that isno more than 1 year old.8. Preparation of Apparatus8.1 Washability MachineThe washability machine shouldbe leveled before use and opera
27、ted at 37 6 1 cpm; each cycle4The Dow film caster from BYK-Gardner, was used originally in this testmethod.5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, se
28、e Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.6Dull black plastic panels, P1211ON, 432 by 165 by 0.25 mm (612 by 17 in.by 10 mils) in size, manufactured by
29、the Leneta Co., 15 Whitney Rd., Mahwah, NJ07430 were used in the original development of this standard in order to get theresults in this test method.7The sole source of supply of a sponge, cellulosic type, coarse pore grade, 95 by76 by 38 mm (334 by3by112 in.) meeting Federal Spec. L-S-626, Type II
30、, knownto the committee at this time is the OCel-O Div., General Mills, Inc., 305 SawyerAve., Tonawanda, NY 14150.8If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the respo
31、nsible technical committee,1which you may attend.9The sole source of supply of laboratory standardized stain and scrub media,known to the committee at this time is the Leneta Co.10The sole source of supply of Carbon Black, known to the committee at thistime is Printex U Beads, The DeGussa Corp., 65
32、Challenger Road, Ridgefield Park,NJ 07660.11Known sources of hydroxyethyl cellulose include: Cellosize QP-4400H, TheDow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, and Natrosol 250 MR, Ashland Aqualon,Wilmington, DE.12The sole source of supply of octyl phenoxy polyethoxyethanol, Triton X-100,known to the committ
33、ee at this time is The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI.13The preservative package recommended is BIT, 1,2Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one(20 % w/w). There are several suppliers who offer BIT-based agents.14The sole source of supply of Tamsil 45, known to the committee at this timeis Unimin Specialty Miner
34、als, Inc., 258 Elm St., New Canaan, CT 06840.D3450 152consisting of a complete forward and reverse stroke. Adjusttautness of the cables with a spring scale to approximately 5 lb.8.2 Sponge and HolderAdd sufficient weight to the holderin the form of lead sheets or other flat weights to give acombined
35、 weight of 1500 g, including the dry sponge.NOTE 2Check the compression of the damp sponge under the 1500-gweight to ensure that the holder does not drag along the panel and tear thefilm.9. Procedure9.1 Clean the top of the glass plate (or preferably the suctionplate) and both sides of the black pla
36、stic panel to be sure theyare free of specks. Place the black panel on the plate and tapeone end to the plate. Smooth the panel along the plate to ensurea close fit.9.2 Stir the test material thoroughly and strain to remove allskins and particles. Draw down the material on the panel,starting from th
37、e taped end of the panel. For latex paints, the0.25-mm (10-mil) side of the applicator will generally besatisfactory, whereas the 0.18-mm (7-mil) side can be used forsolvent-based coatings. However, the film thickness of paint tobe applied may be varied as mutually agreed upon between thepurchaser a
38、nd the seller.The rate of application should be fairlyslow, 3 to 4 s from end to end, to prevent pinholes or holidaysin the film.Air dry in a horizontal position for 7 days in a roompreferably maintained at 23 6 2C (73.5 6 3.5F) and 50 65 % relative humidity, or under conditions mutually agreeableto
39、 the purchaser and the seller.9.3 On the last day of drying, measure the directionalreflectance (green filter) of a portion of the panel in accordancewith Test Method E1347. Record this value as R1.9.4 After reading the reflectance, use the applicator with the3-mil (75-m) clearance to draw down a fi
40、lm of soilantmedium perpendicular to the coating film and in the area wherethe reflectance was measured. Permit the stained panel to dryfor 16 to 24 h under the same drying conditions specified in9.2.9.5 Clean the glass surface on which the test panel is to bemounted and also the back of the test pa
41、nel. Attach the testpanel to the glass plate and place the mounted test panel,coated side up, in the pan. Clamp the assembly securely to thepan with the “C” clamps, centering the pan so that the spongeboat can move lengthwise on the panel.9.6 Remove the sponge from the holder and soak it inreagent w
42、ater at room temperature. Remove the sponge andsqueeze repeatedly with one hand until no more water dripsfrom the sponge. Replace the sponge in the holder and pour 156 1 mL of water on the exposed face of the sponge. Stir thescrub medium and spread uniformly across the face of thesponge 10.0 6 0.1 g
43、 of nonabrasive scrub medium. (Use aspatula if necessary when applying the abrasive scrub medium,to apply uniformly over the sponge.)9.7 Remove excess soilant by covering the soiled area witha folded absorbent paper towel and exerting pressure by rollingthe towel with a 2.25 kg (5 lb) rubber roller.
44、 Repeat blottingprocedure twice.Attach the sponge holder, with the sponge andcleaner face down, to the cables of the washability machine.Add 5 mL of water on each side of the holder in the path of thesponge. Start the motor and allow the sponge to travel 25cycles at the rate of 37 6 1 cpm. Ensure th
45、at the sponge andholder are level during the run, otherwise uneven wear willoccur on the test panel. At the end of 25 cycles, stop themachine, remove the sponge, clean in running water, squeezedry, and resoak in water. Wipe off excess stain outside the testarea. Repeat the procedure starting in 9.6
46、with “ remove thesponge and squeeze it repeatedly.” for an additional 25cycles. Repeat the 25-cycle procedure for a total of 100 cycles,each time trying to start and stop the sponge outside the stainedarea of the panel.9.8 Remove the test panel from the pan, rinse with runningtap water, gently movin
47、g the palm of the hand over the path ofthe sponge to remove clinging particles of scrub medium. Blotthe panel and then allow to dry at room temperature. After thepanel has dried thoroughly, wipe off excess stain outside thetest area and measure reflectance in the soiled and washed areaof the panel.
48、Record as R2.9.9 Repeat the test on a second panel and, for each, calculatethe reflectance recovery in percent as (R2/R1) 100.9.10 If the mean reflectance recovery for the two panels isless than 96 %, repeat the test on another set of panels using theabrasive scrub medium specified in 7.7.2 and repo
49、rt the resultswith both mediums.10. Report10.1 Report the mean of the two determinations and the typeof scrub medium used.10.2 Report any deviations from the standard procedure.10.3 Note if erosion occurred in the soiled area.11. Precision and Bias1511.1 On the basis of an interlaboratory study in whichoperators in six laboratories tested six coatings, includingsolvent and water-based systems, and covering a range ofpigment volume concentrations (PVCs), the following criteriashould be used for judging the acceptability of the results at the95 % confid
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