1、Designation: D 3505 96 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forDensity or Relative Density of Pure Liquid Chemicals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3505; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes a s
3、implified procedure for themeasurement of density or relative density of pure liquidchemicals for which accurate temperature expansion functionsare known. It is restricted to liquids having vapor pressures notexceeding 600 mm Hg (0.8 atm) at the equilibration tempera-ture, and having viscosities not
4、 exceeding 15 cSt at 20C(60F).1.2 Means are provided for reporting results in the follow-ing units:Density g/cm3at 20CDensity g/ml at 20CRelative density 20C/4CRelative density 60F/60F (15.56C/15.56C)Commercial density, lb (in air)/U.S. gal at 60FCommercial density, lb (in air)/U.K. gal at 60F.NOTE
5、1This test method is based on the old definition of 1L = 1.000028 dm3(1 mL = 1.000028 cm3). In 1964 the General Confer-ence on Weights and Measures withdrew this definition of the litre anddeclared that the word “litre” was a special name for the cubic decimetre,thus making 1 mL = 1 cm3exactly.NOTE
6、2An alternative method for determining relative density ofpure liquid chemicals is Test Method D 4052.1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this testmethod: for purposes of determining conformance with thistest method, an observed value or a calculated value shall berounded off “to th
7、e nearest unit” in the last right-hand digitused in expressing the specification limit, in accordance withthe rounding-off method of Practice E29.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this stan
8、dard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in 7.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1555 Test Method for Calculation of Volume
9、 and Weightof Industrial Aromatic Hydrocarbons and CyclohexaneD 3437 Practice for Sampling and Handling Liquid CyclicProductsD 4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density ofLiquids by Digital Density MeterE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersE12 Terminology Relating to Density
10、 and Specific Gravityof Solids, Liquids, and Gases3E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 Other Document:OSHA Regulations, 29 CFR, paragraphs 1910.1000 and1910.120043. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 density, nthe mass of material per u
11、nit volume at agiven temperature called the “reference temperature.” Weightcorrected to a standard acceleration of gravity and corrected forthe buoyant effect of air is used to measure mass. This methodspecifies the use of a beam balance to determine weight so thatno correction for variation in acce
12、leration of gravity is neces-sary. When a torsion or spring balance is used, such correctionmust be applied.3.1.2 relative density, nthe ratio of the density of thematerial at reference temperature “t” to the density of purewater, in consistent units, at reference temperature t2.Itiscommon practice
13、to use reference temperature t1equal to t2.3.1.2.1 Since the mass of water at 4C is very close to 1g/mL or 1 g/cm3, it is common practice to set the reference1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D16 onAromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Chemicals and is the direct responsibili
14、ty ofSubcommittee D16.04 on Instrumental Analysis.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 3505 96 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.1Copyright AS
16、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.temperature t2for water at 4C. When this is done and thedensity of the material is given in grams per millilitre, or gramsper cubic centimetre, the value of density is very nearlyidentical to the va
17、lue for relative density. Thus, density at 20Cin g/cm3or g/mL, is nearly identical with relative density20C/4C.3.1.3 commercial density, nweight per unit volume with-out correcting for the buoyant effect of air and is limited in thisdocument to pounds (in air) per U.S. gallon at 60F, or poundsin air
18、 per U.K. gallon at 60F. This is the density mostcommonly used in commercial transactions in the petroleumand coal chemicals industry in the United States and Canada.3.2 The definitions included in Terminology E12are appli-cable to this test method.4. Summary of Test MethodNOTE 3See Appendix for det
19、ails on the method and derivation offormulas.4.1 For materials listed in Table 1 the sample is drawn intoa weighed and calibrated bicapillary pycnometer. The fillerpycnometer is allowed to come to equilibrium at any conve-nient temperature between 10 and 30C (50 and 86F). Theequilibrium temperature
20、is measured to the nearest 0.02C. Theweight is determined using a beam balance. The density,relative density, or commercial density at the desired referencetemperature is then calculated from the sample weight, acalibration factor proportional to an equal volume of water, anda multiplier which corre
21、cts for the buoyancy of air and thechange in volume of the pycnometer and the sample due todeviation from the chosen reference temperature.D 3505 96 (2006)2TABLE I, PART I 20 C Reference Temperature Multiplier, F20, for use in Computing Density, 12.1D 3505 96 (2006)3TABLE I, PART I ContinuedD 3505 9
22、6 (2006)4TABLE I, PART II 60 F Reference Temperature Multiplier, F60, for use in Computing Density, 12.1D 3505 96 (2006)5TABLE I, PART II Continued4.2 For liquids not listed in Table 1, the sample is equili-brated at the desired reference temperature, usually 20C or60F (15.56C), the density, relativ
23、e density, or commercialdensity is then calculated from the sample weight, a calibrationfactor proportional to an equal volume of water and a termwhich corrects for the buoyancy of air. In the case of volatileD 3505 96 (2006)6liquids such as pentane, the time between reading of volume atthe equilibr
24、ium temperature and weighing must not be pro-longed, otherwise weight loss through evaporation may resultin errors.55. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is suitable for setting specification, foruse as an internal quality control tool, and for use in develop-ment or research work on industria
25、l aromatic hydrocarbons andrelated materials. In addition to the pure liquid chemicals forwhich expansion functions are known, it may also be used forliquids for which temperature expansion data are not available,or for impure liquid chemicals if certain limitations areobserved. Information derived
26、from this test can be used todescribe the relationship between weight and volume.6. Apparatus6.1 Pycnometer, 9 to 10-mL capacity, conforming to thedimensions given in Fig. 1, constructed of borosilicate glass,and having a total weight not exceeding 30 g.6.2 Bath, having a depth of at least 300 mm, c
27、apable ofbeing maintained constant to 60.02C at any convenienttemperature between 10C (50F) and 30C (86F). Provide asupport for the pycnometer (see Fig. 2) constructed of anysuitable noncorrosive metal.NOTE 4If the laboratory air temperature does not vary more than0.02C during temperature equilibrat
28、ion a special bath is not needed.6.3 Bath Thermometer, An ASTM Precision Thermometer,having a range from 8 to +32C and conforming to therequirements for Thermometer 63C as prescribed in Specifi-cation E1.7. Hazards7.1 Consult current OSHA regulations, suppliers MaterialSafety Data Sheets, and local
29、regulations, for all materials usedin this test method.8. Sampling8.1 Sample the material in accordance with PracticeD 3437.9. Preparation of Apparatus9.1 Acid Cleaning, for use when the pycnometer is to becalibrated or when liquid fails to drain cleanly from the wallsof the pycnometer or its capill
30、ary. Thoroughly clean with hotchromic acid solution and rinse well with reagent waterconforming to Type III of Specification D 1193. Other suitablecleaning procedures may be used. Dry at 105 to 110C for atleast 1 h, preferably with a slow current of filtered air passingthrough the pycnometer.9.2 Sol
31、vent Cleaning, for use between determinations. Rinsewith toluene and then with anhydrous acetone, drying with afiltered stream of dry air.5For a more complete discussion on the use of this design pycnometer, seeLipken, Davidson, Harvey and Kurtz, Industrial Engineering Chemistry, AnalyticalEdition;
32、Vol 16, 1944, p. 55.NOTE 1The graduation lines shall extend around the entire circum-ference of the pycnometer at the integral numbers 0, 1, 2 cm, etc., half wayaround at the half divisions 0.5, 1.5, etc., and shorter lines for theintermediate subdivisions.FIG. 1 PycnometerNOTE 1All dimensions are i
33、n inches.FIG. 2 Pycnometer HolderD 3505 96 (2006)710. Calibration of Apparatus10.1 Using the procedure described in Section 11, determinethe weight of freshly boiled reagent water conforming to TypeIII of Specification D 1193 held by the pycnometer with thewater level at each of three different scal
34、e points on thegraduated arms. Two of these water levels must be at oppositeends of the scale. Make all weighings on the same day, usingthe same balance and weights.10.2 Calculate the volume, VTp, at each scale point testedby means of the following equation; carry all calculations in 6non-zero digit
35、s and round to 4 decimal places:Pycnometer capacity, VTp,mL 5 A 3 Ww/dtw! 1 BT 2 t! (1)where:A = air buoyancy coefficient, a constant for the tempera-ture range involved = 1.001064VTp= volume of pycnometer at reference temperature, TWw= weight of water in air, contained in the pycnometer,gdtw= densi
36、ty of water at t (seeTable 2)t = test temperature, CT = reference temperature, 20C or 15.56C, andB = volumetric coefficient of expansion of 9.5 mL of aborosilicate glass pycnometer, 9.26276 3 105mL/C.10.3 Prepare a calibration curve by plotting apparent vol-ume, VA, that is, the sum of the scale rea
37、dings on the two armsof the pycnometer against the corresponding calculated vol-ume, VTp. If a straight line cannot be drawn through the threepoints, discard the data and determine three additional pointsso that a straight calibration line can be drawn such that no datapoint lies more than 0.0002-mL
38、 units from the line. If neitherset of data meets the condition, the diameters of the graduatedcapillary arms are not sufficiently uniform, and the pycnometershould be discarded.10.4 From the curve obtained, prepare a table of apparentvolume, VA, (sum of scale readings of both arms), as apparentvolu
39、me against corresponding calculated volumes, VTp,inincrements of 0.0001 mL. Label this table with the referencetemperature to which it applies.11. Procedure11.1 Weigh the clean, dry pycnometer to 0.1 mg and recordthe weight.11.2 With the sample at approximately the test temperature,fill the pycnomet
40、er by holding it in an upright position andplacing the hooked tip in the sample; the liquid will then bedrawn over the bend in the capillary by surface tension. Allowthe pycnometer to fill by siphoning (about 1 min) and break thesiphon when the liquid level in the bulb arm of the pycnometerreaches t
41、he lowest graduation mark.11.3 Thoroughly dry the wet tip. Wipe the body of thepycnometer with a chemically clean, lint-free cloth slightlydamp with water (Note 4) and weigh the filled pycnometer tothe nearest 0.1 mg.NOTE 5In atmospheres below 60 % relative humidity, drying thepycnometer by rubbing
42、with a dry cotton cloth will induce static chargesequivalent to a loss of about 1 mg or more in the weight of thepycnometer. This charge may not be completely dissipated in less than12, and can be detected by touching the pycnometer to the wire hook in thebalance and then drawing it away slowly. If
43、the pycnometer exhibits anattraction for the wire hook, it may be considered to have a static charge.11.4 Place the pycnometer in the holder in a constant-temperature bath held at any convenient temperature 10 and30C within 60.02C; for materials not listed in Table 1, holdthe bath exactly at the des
44、ired reference temperature, usually15.56C or 20C. When the liquid level has reached tempera-ture equilibrium (usually in about 10 min) and while still in thebath, read the scale to the nearest 0.2 small division at theliquid level in each arm.12. Calculation12.1 Table 1 MaterialsCompute the density
45、or relativedensity, or both, by means of the following equations:Density, g/mL at 60F 5WsV60p3 F601 0.00121 (2)Density, g/mL at 20C 5WsV20p3 F201 0.00121 (3)TABLE 2 Density of WaterA, g/mlt, C 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.56 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.915 0.999 13 11 10 08 07 05 04 04 02 00 *9916 0.998 97 96 94 92
46、91 89 87 86 84 8217 80 79 77 75 73 72 70 68 66 6418 62 61 59 57 55 53 51 49 47 4519 43 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 27 2520 23 21 19 17 15 13 11 09 07 0421 02 00 *98 *96 *93 *91 *89 *87 *85 *8222 0.997 80 78 75 73 71 69 66 64 62 5923 57 54 52 50 47 45 42 40 38 3524 33 30 28 25 23 20 18 15 13 1025 08 05 02 0
47、0 *97 *95 *92 *89 *87 *842627280.996 81542679522476492173461871431568411265380963350660320357290029300.995 9868956592628959865683538050774674437240AAbstracted from Tilton and Taylor, U.S. National Bureau of Standards Research Paper 971, NBS Journal of Research Vol 18, 1917, p. 213. This paper is a s
48、tatisticalanalysis of the data of Chappuis, Travaux Et Memoires du Bureau International de Poid et Mesures, Vol 13, 1907, p. D39.D 3505 96 (2006)8Density, g/cm3at 20C 5FWsV20pF201 0.00121G0.99997 (4)Relative density 60/60F 5FWsV60p3 F601 0.00121G1.00096 (5)where:Ws= observed weight of sample, correc
49、ted forvariation of weights, g,W20p,V60p= calculated volume, VTp, of sample at 20Cor 60F, millilitres, obtained from the py-cnometer calibration table (Note 5),F20,F60= constants taken from Table 1. Correspond-ing to the test temperature, tCNOTE 6For frequently examined products it should prove convenientto combine Table 1 with the calibration table described in 10.2.12.2 General MethodCompute the density or relativedensity, or both, by means of the following equations:Density, g/mL at 20C 5WsV20p1 C (
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