1、Designation: D3511/D3511M 101Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Brush Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3511/D3511M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption
2、or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFig. 3 was updated editorially in September 2010 to show SI units followed by in./lb
3、 units in brackets.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-pensity of a fabric to form pills from fuzz under test conditionsintended to simulate normal wear using the brush pilling tester.This procedure is generally applicable to all types of apparelfabrics including both wo
4、ven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Methods D3512, D3514, and D4970.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalent
5、s; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this
6、 standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD3512 Test Method for Pilling Re
7、sistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD3514 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Elastomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistan
8、ce and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:3ADJD3512 Set of 5 Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, see Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are
9、 relevant to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such asfuzzing, which occur in normal wear are simulated on labora-tory testing machines.
10、Fabrics are subjected to simulated wearconditions: first brushing the specimens to free fiber ends thatform fuzz on the surface of the fabric, then rubbing two of thespecimens together in circular motion to roll the fiber ends intopills. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparing thetest
11、ed specimens with visual standards, which may be actualfabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pillingresistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported usingan arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to p
12、illing is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the1This test me
13、thod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published August 2010. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3511 08. DOI:10
14、.1520/D3511-10E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquar
15、ters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.best available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be-
16、tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material f
17、romwhich the disparate test results were obtained, and randomlyassigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Othermaterials with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two laboratories should becompared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a
18、t aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results for that material must be adjusted in considerationof the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by
19、many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construc-tion, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method.Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pillingresistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more withgeneral conditions of u
20、se and individual wearers than inreplicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratorytests. This experience should be borne in mind when adoptinglevels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree
21、 of color contrast.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is depe
22、ndent on both the character-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on gr
23、aduated degrees of surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting
24、 the pills and weighing their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.4 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with
25、visual standards, which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.5 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and kni
26、tted fabrics that vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn eight per tester.6.1.2.2 Brush Strip HeightA height of 24 mm .94 in.with an overall height of 32 mm 1.25 in., including thebacking but not the 9C-7200 holders.6.1.2.3 Brush Bristles Black nylon, 0.25-mm 10-mildiamet
27、er.6.1.2.4 Brush Holders Fuller Brush No. 9C-7200,52-stripchannel, 790 mm 31 in. long.6.1.2.5 Brush Mounting 9C-7200 holders spaced 35 mm1.37 in. center hole to center hole.6.1.2.6 Emery Paper 320 Grit for sanding brushes.6.1.2.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate sol-vent to clean brush
28、es (see 7.1 and 10.1.2).6.1.3 Specimen Holder,(Fig. 2), six, each weighing 660 65 g, on which the fabric specimens are mounted. The face ofthe holders shall be covered with 3-mm 0.13 in thick by108-mm 4.25-in. diameter soft cellular rubber to preventspecimen slippage during testing.6.2 Apparatus for
29、 Fabric Evaluation4(Fig. 3) Facilitiesfor illumination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Standard Scientific LLC, Bethlehem, PA. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to
30、ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technicalcommittee, which you may attend.5Apparatus is commercially available.FIG. 1 Brush Pilling TesterD3511/D3511M 1012viewing of test specimen and fabric or photographic ratingstand
31、ards. Apparatus and options for visual evaluation arelisted in Table 1.6.3 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating, for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric is available. Each testfacility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.4
32、 Rating Standards:6.4.1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specifictype in-house fabric, which shows degrees of pilling or otherFIG. 2 Specimen HolderNOTE 1Not drawn to scale.FIG. 3 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationD3511/D3511M 1013distortions, or both, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store
33、the in-house fabric rating standards and handle them underconditions that will preserve their original form and appear-ance.6.4.2 Photographic A set of 5 photographs, 105 mmsquare 4.13 in., numbered 1 to 5, illustrating varying degreesof pilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling”, such asAdj
34、unct D3512.6.4.3 Digital Imaging or Rating System, or both.6.5 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.6 Facilities for Drycleaning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation
35、 on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requ
36、ires taking into account the variabilityamong rolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatchof fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments andamong garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, accept
37、able quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one fullwidth piece of fabric that is1m1ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire
38、system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned before cuttingthe test specimens, using conditions appropriate for the fabricend use or conditions agreed upon
39、by all interested parties.9.2 Cut specimens in squares 320 6 1mm96 0.05 in.with the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling (course)directions or circles having a diameter of 175 6 2mm76 0.1in.9.2.1 Take six specimens, two each from the right, center,and left areas of each laboratory sampling
40、unit. Take thespecimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a manner that no specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Avoid getting oil, water, grease, etc. on
41、 the speci-men when handling. Unless otherwise specified, do not cutspecimens nearer the selvage than one tenth the width of thefabric.9.3 Mark warp (wale) and filling (course) direction on theedge of each specimen.9.3.1 Mark the replicate specimens as AL, BL; AC, BC; andAR, BR with L, C, and R indi
42、cating left, center, and right areasof the fabric width.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Maintenance Checks:10.1.1 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one ormore standard in-house fabrics of known pilling resistance asdirected as follows:10.1.1.1 If the tester is in daily use, check the t
43、ester usingthe standard fabric(s) at least once a week.10.1.1.2 If testing is done infrequently, check the testerusing the standard fabric(s) each time it is used.10.1.2 If the tester is used daily, clean the brushes with asuitable solvent such as acetone (see 6.1), remove any lint witha hand card,
44、and clip any protruding bristles at least once aweek. If testing is done infrequently, check for these conditionsbefore each testing session.10.2 Corrective Action:10.2.1 If the results obtained on the standard fabric are notin agreement with the established values, clean the brushes asdirected in 1
45、0.1.2.10.2.2 If cleaning fails to produce results which equate theestablished values, sand the brushes with emery paper mountedon the specimen holders.10.2.3 Continue testing until results are acceptable, or untila replacement set of in-house standards is established.11. Conditioning11.1 Bring the t
46、est specimens to moisture equilibrium fortesting in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles asdirected in Practice D1776 or, if applicable, in the specifiedatmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.12. Procedure12.1 Make all tests in the standard atmosphere for testingtextiles.12.2 Pla
47、ce the brush board on the 19.0-mm 0.75-in. radiusrotating platform with the bristles pointing upwards.12.3 Mount the six specimens on the six holders, fabric faceexposed and under sufficient tension to prevent wrinkling.Place the specimen holders over the vertical positioning pins sothat the fabric
48、face makes contact with the brush bristles.12.4 Brush the specimens 4 min 6 10 s.NOTE 3The test time intervals used should reproduce the appearanceof actual wear as seen in garments made from the specific type of fabricTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox
49、(Fig. 3)A0.78 rad 45LightboxB0.78 rad 45LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D3511/D3511M
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