1、Designation: D3512/D3512M 16Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Random Tumble Pilling Tester1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3512/D3512M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pro-pensity of a fabr
3、ic to form pills and other related surfacechanges on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. Theprocedure is generally applicable to all types of woven andknitted apparel fabrics.NOTE 1For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles,refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3
4、514M, and D4970/D4970M.1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resinmay not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because thesilicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the testchamber and cause erroneous results.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound uni
5、tsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address
6、 all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology
7、Relating to TextilesD1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-tilesD3511/D3511M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: BrushPilling TesterD3514/D3514M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics:
8、 Elas-tomeric PadD4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4970/D4970M Test Method for Pilling Resistance andOther Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Mar-tindale TesterF104 Classification System for Nonmetallic Gasket Materi-als2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:12-435120-00 Set of 5 Phot
9、ographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test33. Terminology3.1 For all terminology related to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, see Terminology D4850.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance, pills.3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, see
10、Termi-nology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance, such asfuzzing, that occur in normal wear are simulated on a labora-tory testing machine. Pills are caused to form on fabric by arandom rubbing action produced by tumbling specimens in acylindrical test c
11、hamber lined with a mildly abrasive material.To form pills with appearance and structure that resemble thoseproduced in actual wear, small amounts of short-length graycotton fiber are added to each test chamber with the specimens.The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparison of thetested s
12、pecimens with visual standards that may be actualfabrics, or photographs of fabrics, showing a range of pillingresistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reported usingan arbitrary rating scale.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct resp
13、onsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D3512 10(2014). DOI:10.1520/D3512-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
14、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
15、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used withcaution because the between-laborato
16、ry precision is poor. Insome cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test acommercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available test method, even though the test method is notrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance be
17、-tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),comparative tests should be performed to determine if there isa statistical bias between them, using competent statisticalassistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used thatare as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material
18、fromwhich the disparate test results were obtained, and randomlyassigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Othermaterials with established test values may be used for thispurpose. The test results from the two laboratories should becompared using a statistical test for unpaired data,
19、at aprobability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias isfound, either its cause must be found and corrected, or futuretest results must be adjusted in consideration of the knownbias.5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors whic
20、h may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabricconstruction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishingmethod. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. Thepilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies morewith general conditions of use and individual w
21、earers than inreplicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratorytests. This experience should be borne in mind when adoptinglevels of acceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast.
22、These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the c
23、haracter-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of
24、surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and weig
25、hing their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculating.5.4 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards, w
26、hich may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.5 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that v
27、ary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Random Tumble Pilling Tester4(Fig. 1):6.1.1 Cork Cylinder Liners, about 146 mm 5.75 in. wideby 452 mm 17.81 in long cut from 1.5-mm .063-in. thickflat sheets of Type P2117A
28、 material conforming to Classifica-tion System F104, Appendix X1. The original surface of theliner, produced by slicing the material, should be used withoutany further treatment such as sanding. Store liners in originalpackaging in a cool, dry place.6.1.2 Air Injection Device to give 14-21 kPa 2-3 p
29、si airpressure in each test chamber, either included in new testers ora modification to older testers.4Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.FIG. 1 Random Tumble Piling TesterD3512/D3512M 1626.2 Adhesive4, white all-purpose, for sealing edges of speci-mens (see 7.1).6.3 Plastic Bottle
30、, with dispensing spout and cap, for usewith diluted adhesive.6.4 Vacuum Cleaner, home canister type, to clean specimensafter testing.6.5 Cotton Sliver,54301 tex approximately 73 GrainCount, U.S. upland cotton with a micronaire range of 3.8-4.2with a minimum staple length range of 1.08-1.10 in. (or
31、35/32in., no metric conversion) measured by USDA High VolumeInstrument Classification.6.6 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illumi-nation (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous viewingof test specimen and fabric or photograph rating standards.Apparatus and options for visual eval
32、uation are listed in Table1.6.7 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having an estab-lished pilling resistance rating for checking machine perfor-mance. No universal standard fabric is available. Each testfacility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.8 Rating Standards:6.8.1 FabricA series of te
33、sted specimens of a specificfabric type which shows degree of pilling or other distortion, orboth, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the fabric ratingstandards and handle them under conditions that will preservetheir original form and appearance.6.8.2 Photographic A set of five photographs
34、, 105-mmsquare 4.13 in., numbered 1 to 5 illustrating varying degreesof pilling from “very severe pilling” to “no pilling” such asAdjunct D3512.3The photos should have a dull matte finishand be of the same size as the tested specimen.6.8.3 Digital Imaging or Rating System, or both.6.9 Facilities for
35、 Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.10 Facilities for Dry Cleaning SamplesIf needed.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Adhesives used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 P
36、rimary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variabilityamong rolls, bolts, or pieces of f
37、abric and among specimens from a swatchof fabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or between cartons of garments andamong garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting quality level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit
38、From each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is1m1ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing of garments, take one garmentfrom eac
39、h carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Samples may be washed or dry cleaned before cuttingthe test specimens, using conditions appropriate for the fabricend use or conditions agreed upon by all interested parties.9.2 Cut specimens in squares 105 mm 4.13 in. on
40、 the biasat an approximate 0.78 rad 45 angle to the warp (wale) andfilling (course) directions.9.2.1 Take three specimens from each laboratory unit. Takethe specimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in s
41、uch a manner that no two specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Unless otherwise specified, do not cut specimensnearer the selvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.9.3 Mark replicate specimens in one corner on the face ofthe fabric with the appropriate
42、 number 1, 2, or 3.9.4 If loosely woven specimens fray when applying identi-fication markings, cut the specimens with sides parallel to thewarp and filling and ravel the sides no more than 5 mm 0.2 in.on each side, leaving the fringe.9.5 Seal the edges of all specimens to a width not exceeding3 mm 0
43、.13 in. on the face of the fabric with adhesive. Hangthe specimens on racks until dry, and in any case for at least 2h.NOTE 3Full-strength adhesive or any dilution down to 1 part adhesivewith 1 part water may be used (see 7.1). Pressing the adhesive into thespecimen face may be accomplished using th
44、e dispensing nozzle in aclosed configuration. The rounded end of a glass stirring rod works well,also, but caution should be used to prevent breakage and possible injuryfrom broken glass.NOTE 4Although the use of glued or not glued specimens isacceptable, the measurements should not be compared.10.
45、Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Fit a cork liner snugly around the inside of a cleanedtest chamber with an unused cork surface facing the rotorblades. The side against the chamber may or may not have beenused. To eliminate any tendency for the liner to rotate, tape the5Cotton dyed to a medium gray shad
46、e before carding using a colorfast reactiveblack dye and standard reactive dyeing procedure. Cotton sliver is availablecommercially.TABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 1)A0.78 rad 45LightboxB0.78 rad 45LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determin
47、ed by the buyer and supplierAThe source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time isStandard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will
48、receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D3512/D3512M 163outside edge of the liner to the chamber wall at the butt jointwith a short piece of 25-mm 1-in. wide masking tape.10.1.1 Discard cork liners that have been
49、used for1honeach surface.10.2 After every hour of machine running time, remove theliner and clean the impeller by wiping with a cloth wetted in asolution of detergent and water. Allow the chamber to drybefore the next use.10.3 Check the operation of the pilling tester with one ormore standard in-house fabrics of known pilling resistance asfollows:10.3.1 If the equipment is in constant use, check the tester atleast once a week; if testing is done infrequently, check theequipment each time it is used. Check, also, when test resultsapp
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